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Frederick Ellsworth Sickels (September 20, 1819; [1] Gloucester County, New Jersey – March 8, 1895; Kansas City [2]) was an American inventor, best known for the invention of a cut-off valve for steam engines in 1841. Sickels grew up in New York City, [3] where his father was Chief Health Officer. [4]
Valves can be categorized into the following types, based on their operating mechanism: Ball valve, for on–off control without pressure drop. Ideal for quick shut-off, since a 90° turn completely shuts off, compared to multiple 360° turns for other manual valves; Butterfly valve, for on–off flow control in large diameter pipes
Thermal cut-off valve (TV), which: prevents excessive temperatures. closes automatically at a certain temperature and cuts off the gas flow long before the ignition temperature of the gas mixture is reached. and a pressure-sensitive gas cut-off valve (PV), which stops the gas flow in the event of pressure shocks
The valve itself can be a drop valve or a Corliss valve. Trip valve gear was applied to larger stationary engines. It was not used in transport applications, [ft 1] as it was not suitable for high speed. [1] The trip point of the valve mechanism, and therefore the cut-off, would be adjusted either manually or automatically by the governor.
This gear used separate valves for inlet and exhaust so that the inlet cut-off could be controlled precisely. The use of separate valves and port passages for steam admission and exhaust significantly also reduced losses associated with cylinder condensation and re-evaporation. These features resulted in much improved efficiency.
The Rolls-Royce Merlin engine originally came with a direct carburettor, prone to cut-out due to fuel flooding in negative G. Beatrice Shilling Miss Shilling's orifice was a very simple technical device created to counter engine cut-outs experienced during negative G manoeuvres in early Spitfire and Hurricane fighter aeroplanes during the Battle of Britain.
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In a steam engine, cutoff is the point in the piston stroke at which the inlet valve is closed. On a steam locomotive, the cutoff is controlled by the reversing gear.. The point at which the inlet valve closes and stops the entry of steam into the cylinder from the boiler plays a crucial role in the control of a steam engine.