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John Bardeen (/ b ɑːr ˈ d iː n /; May 23, 1908 – January 30, 1991) [2] was an American electrical engineer and theoretical physicist.He is the only person to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics twice: first in 1956 with William Shockley and Walter Brattain for the invention of the transistor; and again in 1972 with Leon N. Cooper and John Robert Schrieffer for a fundamental theory of ...
John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William Shockley invented the first working transistors at Bell Labs, the point-contact transistor in 1947. Shockley introduced the improved bipolar junction transistor in 1948, which entered production in the early 1950s and led to the first widespread use of transistors.
William Bradford Shockley Jr. (February 13, 1910 – August 12, 1989) was an American inventor, physicist, and eugenicist.He was the manager of a research group at Bell Labs that included John Bardeen and Walter Brattain.
Walter Houser Brattain (/ ˈ b r æ t ən /; February 10, 1902 – October 13, 1987) was an American physicist who shared the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics with John Bardeen and William Shockley for their invention of the point-contact transistor. [1] Brattain devoted much of his life to research on surface states.
It was developed by research scientists John Bardeen and Walter Brattain at Bell Laboratories in December 1947. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] They worked in a group led by physicist William Shockley . The group had been working together on experiments and theories of electric field effects in solid state materials, with the aim of replacing vacuum tubes with a ...
Instead, what Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley invented in 1947 was the first point-contact transistor. [19] To acknowledge this accomplishment, Shockley, Bardeen and Brattain jointly received the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect". [25] [26]
Shockley said fighter pilots who had ridden in Shockwave told him the thrust felt like a plane taking off from an aircraft carrier. He routinely drove it over 300 mph and once topped out at 376 ...
Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory, later known as Shockley Transistor Corporation, was a pioneering semiconductor developer founded by William Shockley, and funded by Beckman Instruments, Inc., in 1955. [2] It was the first high technology company, in what came to be known as Silicon Valley, to work on silicon-based semiconductor devices.