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The term resultant force should be understood to refer to both the forces and torques acting on a rigid body, which is why some use the term resultant force–torque. The force equal to the resultant force in magnitude, yet pointed in the opposite direction, is called an equilibrant force. [2]
and the cross-product is a pseudovector i.e. if r and p are reversed in direction (negative), L is not. In general I is an order-2 tensor, see above for its components. The dot · indicates tensor contraction. Force and Newton's 2nd law: Resultant force acts on a system at the center of mass, equal to the rate of change of momentum:
Such experiments demonstrate the crucial properties that forces are additive vector quantities: they have magnitude and direction. [3] When two forces act on a point particle, the resulting force, the resultant (also called the net force), can be determined by following the parallelogram rule of vector addition: the addition of two vectors ...
In physics, the line of action (also called line of application) of a force (F →) is a geometric representation of how the force is applied. It is the straight line through the point at which the force is applied, and is in the same direction as the vector F →. [1] [2]
By Newton's third law, these forces have equal magnitude but opposite direction, so they cancel when added, and is constant. Alternatively, if p {\displaystyle \mathbf {p} } is known to be constant, it follows that the forces have equal magnitude and opposite direction.
In three dimensions, the torque is a pseudovector; for point particles, it is given by the cross product of the displacement vector and the force vector. The direction of the torque can be determined by using the right hand grip rule: if the fingers of the right hand are curled from the direction of the lever arm to the direction of the force ...
In an inertial frame of reference (subscripted "in"), Euler's second law states that the time derivative of the angular momentum L equals the applied torque: = For point particles such that the internal forces are central forces, this may be derived using Newton's second law.
In physics, a force is considered a vector quantity. This means that it not only has a size (or magnitude) but also a direction in which it acts. We typically represent force with the symbol F in boldface, or sometimes, we place an arrow over the symbol to indicate its vector nature, like this: .