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There are several types of X-ray diffractometer, depending on the research field (material sciences, powder diffraction, life sciences, structural biology, etc.) and the experimental environment, if it is a laboratory with its home X-ray source or a Synchrotron. In laboratory, diffractometers are usually an "all in one" equipment, including the ...
Medical biophysics – interdisciplinary field that applies methods and concepts from physics to medicine or healthcare, ranging from radiology to microscopy and nanomedicine. See also, medical physics. Clinical biophysics – studies the process and effects of non-ionizing physical energies utilized for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. [2] [3]
Physics – negentropy, stochastic processes, and the development of new physical techniques and instrumentation as well as their application. Quantum biology – The field of quantum biology applies quantum mechanics to biological objects and problems. Decohered isomers to yield time-dependent base substitutions. These studies imply ...
Force field (physics) frame of reference Fraunhofer lines free body diagram frequency frequency modulation free fall Any motion of a body where its own weight is the only force acting upon it. freezing point The temperature at which a substance changes state from liquid to solid. friction function fundamental forces. Also called fundamental ...
A ribosome is a biological machine that utilizes protein dynamics. At the first C.E.C. Workshop, in Brussels in November 1991, bioelectronics was defined as 'the use of biological materials and biological architectures for information processing systems and new devices'.
Historically, the definition of a scientific instrument has varied, based on usage, laws, and historical time period. [1] [2] [3] Before the mid-nineteenth century such tools were referred to as "natural philosophical" or "philosophical" apparatus and instruments, and older tools from antiquity to the Middle Ages (such as the astrolabe and pendulum clock) defy a more modern definition of "a ...
An example of a continuous bioreactor is the chemostat. [citation needed] Organisms or biochemically active substances growing in bioreactors may be submerged in liquid medium or may be anchored to the surface of a solid medium. Submerged cultures may be suspended or immobilized.
The development of 3D-printed ion selective field effect transistors, or ISFETs, to sense and monitor ion levels in patients is a prime example. [ 62 ] Another example of a real-time measurement system is the smart bioelectric pacifier, which was developed to monitor the electrolyte level in vulnerable newborns in hospital care.