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Carrigan et al. [4] used a pipe crawler operating in the K-band frequency range (18-16.5 GHz) to inspect HDPE pipe for various defects that would be commonly found in buried and undersea pipelines. Three types of set-ups were used to model the conditions of above ground pipelines, plastic lined metal pipe, and undersea pipelines.
Automotive arc welding (aluminum) AWS D9.1: Sheet metal welding AWS D10.10: Heating practices for pipe and tube AWS D10.11: Root pass welding for pipe AWS D10.12: Pipe welding (mild steel) AWS D10.13: Tube brazing (copper) AWS D10.18: Pipe welding (stainless steel) AWS D11.2: Welding (cast iron) AWS D14.1: Industrial mill crane welding AWS D14.3
Resistive heating of the coils melts small amounts of the pipe and fitting, and upon solidification, a joint is formed. It is most commonly used to join polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) pipes. Electrofusion welding is the most common welding technique for joining PE pipes. [1]
The AWS defines welding PQR as a record of welding variables used to produce an acceptable test weldment and the results of tests conducted on the weldment to qualify a Welding Procedure Specification. For steel construction (civil engineering structures) AWS D1.1 is a widely used standard.
HDPE pipe is a type of flexible plastic pipe used to transfer fluids and gases. It is often employed for replacing aging concrete or steel main pipelines . Constructed from the thermoplastic HDPE (high-density polyethylene ), it has low permeability and robust molecular bonding, making it suitable for high-pressure pipelines .
With hot wedge welding, the speed of travel is an added parameter as the wedge unit is self-propelled by the rollers. The typical temperature range when welding high-density polyethylene (HDPE) is 220 to 400 °C (428 to 752 °F); the travel speed is typically 0.7 to 4 metres per second (2.3 to 13.1 ft/s). [5]
The symbolic representation of a V weld of chamfered plates in a technical drawing. The symbols and conventions used in welding documentation are specified in national and international standards such as ISO 2553 Welded, brazed and soldered joints -- Symbolic representation on drawings and ISO 4063 Welding and allied processes -- Nomenclature of processes and reference numbers.
This is a list of welding processes, separated into their respective categories. The associated N reference numbers (second column) are specified in ISO 4063 (in the European Union published as EN ISO 4063 ). [ 1 ]