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Adat muhakamah (عادت محكمة) – the term refers to traditional laws, commandments, and orders compiled into legal codes by rulers to maintain social order and harmony. The adat laws, often blended together with Islamic laws, were the main written legal reference for Malay societies since the classical era and commonly referred to as kanun.
Over time, the ban on local religions or aliran kepercayaan was abandoned. In 1980, Kaharingan was officially recognised as religion, but only as a part of the Hindu Dharma, so in fact it was placed under Hinduism. In Nov 2017, the government of Indonesia officially and formally recognizes aliran kepercayaan, which kaharingan was a part of.
It integrates many of the core beliefs of Hinduism with arts and rituals of Balinese people. In contemporary times, Hinduism in Bali is officially referred by Indonesian Ministry of Religion as Agama Hindu Dharma, but traditionally the religion was called by many names such as Tirta, Trimurti, Hindu, Agama Tirta, Siwa, Buda, and Siwa-Buda. [80]
The kingdom existed until the 16th century when Islamic empires began to develop, this period known as the Hindu-Indonesian period. [80] Hinduism in Indonesia takes on a distinct tone from other parts of the world. [81] [82] Hinduism, referred to as Agama Hindu Dharma in Indonesia, formally applied the caste system. [83]
Agama, states Dhavamony, is also a "generic name of religious texts which are at the basis of Hinduism". [8] Other terms used for these texts can include saṃhitā (“collection”), sūtra (“aphorism”), or tantra ("system"), with the term "tantra" utilized more frequently for Shakta agamas, than for Shaiva or Vaishnava agamas.
The term "Agama Hindu Dharma", the endonymous Indonesian name for "Indonesian Hinduism" can also refer to the traditional practices in Kalimantan, Sumatra, Sulawesi and other places in Indonesia, where people have started to identify and accept their agamas as Hinduism or Hindu worship has been revived.
Balinese Hinduism (Indonesian: Hinduisme Bali; Balinese: ᬳᬶᬦ᭄ᬤᬸᬯᬶᬲ᭄ᬫᬾᬩᬮᬶ, Hindusmé Bali), also known in Indonesia as Agama Hindu Dharma, Agama Tirtha, Agama Air Suci or Agama Hindu Bali, is the form of Hinduism practised by the majority of the population of Bali.
Between Adat and Agama – Kyoto University; The Sukarno years: 1950 to 1965 – Sejarah Indonesia; Balinese Hinduism – A Life of Ritual and Devotion – Hindu Vivek Kendra; Balinese Hindu Dharma – Part −02 – Shastras; Great Expectations: Hindu Revival Movements in Java, Indonesia – Swaveda.org; Official Site – Parisada Hindu Dharma ...