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Enterotoxins have a particularly marked effect upon the gastrointestinal tract, causing traveler's diarrhea and food poisoning. The action of enterotoxins leads to increased chloride ion permeability of the apical membrane of intestinal mucosal cells.
Heat-stable enterotoxins (STs) are secretory peptides produced by some bacterial strains, such as enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli [2] which are in general toxic to animals. These peptides keep their 3D structure and remain active at temperatures as high as 100 °C.
In addition to its effects on chloride secretion, which involve the same steps as the effects of cholera toxin, Elt binds additional substrates: lipopolysaccharide on the surface of E. coli cells and A-type blood antigens. [2] The importance of these binding events is not yet known.
Koch's postulation was proven correct by Indian microbiologist Sambhu Nath De, who in 1951 studied and documented the effects of injecting rabbits with heat-killed cholera bacteria. [5] He concluded from this experiment that an endotoxin liberated upon disintegration of the bacteria was the cause of the symptoms of cholera. [ 5 ]
Studies have shown that esophageal cancer can be related back to corn grain that contains fumonisins. [38] Other effects from fumonisins are birth defects of the brain, spine, and spinal cord. [38] In animals, problems with the pulmonary edema and hydrothorax swines have been proven to have association with fumonisins. [38]
Clostridium enterotoxins are toxins produced by Clostridium species. [2] Clostridial species are one of the major causes of food poisoning / gastrointestinal illnesses . They are anaerobic , [ 1 ] gram-positive, spore-forming rods that occur naturally in the soil. [ 3 ]
On April 8, millions of people across North America will witness day turn to night as the moon blocks out the light from the sun, but there will be more to the celestial spectacle than many think.
Enterotoxins are chromosomally encoded exotoxins that are produced and secreted from several bacterial organisms. It is a heat stable toxin and is resistant to digestive protease. [5] [6] It is the ingestion of the toxin that causes the inflammation and swelling of the intestine. [citation needed]