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  2. Polarizer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarizer

    Linear polarizing filters were the first types to be used in photography and can still be used for non-reflex and older single-lens reflex cameras (SLRs). However, cameras with through-the-lens metering (TTL) and autofocusing systems – that is, all modern SLR and DSLR – rely on optical elements that pass linearly polarized light. If light ...

  3. Maddox rod - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maddox_rod

    The Maddox rod is a handheld instrument composed of red parallel plano convex cylinder lens, which refracts light rays so that a point source of light is seen as a line or streak of light. [2] Due to the optical properties, the streak of light is seen perpendicular to the axis of the cylinder. [3] Maddox rod and pen torch used in Maddox rod testing

  4. Polarizing filter (photography) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarizing_filter...

    Circular polarizer/linear analyzer [1] filtering unpolarized light and then circularly polarizing the result. A polarizing filter or polarising filter (see spelling differences) is a filter that is often placed in front of a camera lens in photography in order to darken skies, manage reflections, or suppress glare from the surface of lakes or the sea.

  5. Wratten number - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wratten_number

    Longpass filter blocking wavelengths shorter than 440 nm. Used for high-altitude photography, and in astronomy to mask achromatic lens color-fringing. 4 yellow: Minus-violet: Longpass filter blocking visible wavelengths shorter than 455 nm. Used for high-altitude photography, and in astronomy to mask achromatic lens color-fringing. 6 light ...

  6. Optical microscope - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_microscope

    A simple microscope uses a lens or set of lenses to enlarge an object through angular magnification alone, giving the viewer an erect enlarged virtual image. [1] [2] The use of a single convex lens or groups of lenses are found in simple magnification devices such as the magnifying glass, loupes, and eyepieces for telescopes and microscopes.

  7. Photographic filter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_filter

    Several close-up lenses may be used in combination; the optical power of the combination is the sum of the optical powers of the component lenses; a set of lenses of +1, +2, and +4 diopters can be combined to provide a range from +1 to +7 in steps of one. A split diopter has just a semicircular half of a close-up lens in a normal filter holder.

  8. Jones calculus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jones_calculus

    In optics, polarized light can be described using the Jones calculus, [1] invented by R. C. Jones in 1941. Polarized light is represented by a Jones vector, and linear optical elements are represented by Jones matrices.

  9. Polarized light microscopy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarized_light_microscopy

    Polarizing microscope operating principle Depiction of internal organs of a midge larva via birefringence and polarized light microscopy. Polarized light microscopy can mean any of a number of optical microscopy techniques involving polarized light. Simple techniques include illumination of the sample with polarized light.