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  2. International Phonetic Alphabet - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/.../International_Phonetic_Alphabet

    The official summary chart of the IPA, revised in 2020. The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is an alphabetic system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin script. It was devised by the International Phonetic Association in the late 19th century as a standard written representation for the sounds of speech. [1]

  3. International Phonetic Alphabet chart - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic...

    The following is the chart of the International Phonetic Alphabet, a standardized system of phonetic symbols devised and maintained by the International Phonetic Association. It is not a complete list of all possible speech sounds in the world's languages, only those about which stand-alone articles exist in this encyclopedia.

  4. Case variants of IPA letters - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_variants_of_IPA_letters

    [1] With the adoption of letters from the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) in various national alphabets, letter case forms have been developed. This usually means capital ( uppercase ) forms were developed, but in the case of the glottal stop ʔ , both uppercase Ɂ and lowercase ɂ are used.

  5. IPA consonant chart with audio - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPA_consonant_chart_with_audio

    The International Phonetic Alphabet, or IPA, is an alphabetic system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin alphabet. It was devised by the International Phonetic Association as a standardized representation of the sounds of spoken language. [1] The following tables present pulmonic and non-pulmonic consonants.

  6. Unifon - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unifon

    Like the pronunciation key in a dictionary, Unifon attempts to match each of the sounds of spoken English with a single symbol, though not all sounds are distinguished, for example, reduced vowels in other America dialects that don't occur in Chicago. The method was tested in Chicago, Indianapolis and elsewhere during the 1960s and 1970s, but ...

  7. ARPABET - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arpabet

    Example 1-letter 2-letter b B b: buy C CH tʃ: China d D d: die D DH ð: thy F DX ɾ: butter L EL l̩: bottle: M EM m̩: rhythm: N EN n̩: button: f F f: fight g G ɡ: guy h HH or H [3] h: high J JH dʒ: jive k K k: kite l L l: lie m M m: my n N n: nigh G NX or NG [3] ŋ: sing — NX [3] ɾ̃: winter p P p: pie Q Q ʔ: uh-oh r R ɹ: rye s S s ...

  8. Shavian alphabet - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shavian_alphabet

    The Shaw Alphabet Edition of Androcles and the Lion, 1962.Paperback cover design by Germano Facetti. The Shavian alphabet (/ ˈ ʃ eɪ v i ə n / SHAY-vee-ən; [1] also known as the Shaw alphabet) is a constructed alphabet conceived as a way to provide simple, phonemic orthography for the English language to replace the inefficiencies and difficulties of conventional spelling using the Latin ...

  9. Letter frequency - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_frequency

    The California Job Case was a compartmentalized box for printing in the 19th century, sizes corresponding to the commonality of letters. The frequency of letters in text has been studied for use in cryptanalysis, and frequency analysis in particular, dating back to the Arab mathematician al-Kindi (c. AD 801–873 ), who formally developed the method (the ciphers breakable by this technique go ...