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The chloralkali process (also chlor-alkali and chlor alkali) is an industrial process for the electrolysis of sodium chloride (NaCl) solutions. It is the technology used to produce chlorine and sodium hydroxide (caustic soda), [ 1 ] which are commodity chemicals required by industry.
The chlor-alkali industry is a major consumer of the world's energy budget. This process converts concentrated sodium chloride solutions into chlorine and sodium hydroxide, which are used to make many other materials and chemicals. The process involves two parallel reactions: 2 Cl − → Cl 2 + 2 e − 2 H 2 O + 2 e − → H 2 + 2 OH −
The Castner–Kellner process is a method of electrolysis on an aqueous alkali chloride solution (usually sodium chloride solution) to produce the corresponding alkali hydroxide, [1] invented by American Hamilton Castner and Austrian Carl Kellner in the 1890s.
Water chlorination is the process of adding chlorine or chlorine compounds such as sodium hypochlorite to water. This method is used to kill bacteria, viruses and other microbes in water. In particular, chlorination is used to prevent the spread of waterborne diseases such as cholera, dysentery, and typhoid. [1] [2] [3]
Atomic-resolution real-time video imaging allows visualization of the initial stage of crystal nucleation of sodium chloride. [ 26 ] The Thermal conductivity of sodium chloride as a function of temperature has a maximum of 2.03 W/(cm K) at 8 K (−265.15 °C; −445.27 °F) and decreases to 0.069 at 314 K (41 °C; 106 °F).
The diaphragm cell process that utilizes an asbestos diaphragm that separates the cathode and anode; The membrane cell process that uses an ion exchange membrane in place of the diaphragm; The Castner–Kellner process was the first method used at the end of the nineteenth century to produce chlorine on an industrial scale.
The Deacon process, invented by Henry Deacon, is a process used during the manufacture of alkalis (the initial end product was sodium carbonate) by the Leblanc process. Hydrogen chloride gas was converted to chlorine gas, which was then used to manufacture a commercially valuable bleaching powder , and at the same time the emission of waste ...
An example of a base being neutralized by an acid is as follows. Ba(OH) 2 + 2 H + → Ba 2+ + 2 H 2 O. The same equation relating the concentrations of acid and base applies. The concept of neutralization is not limited to reactions in solution. For example, the reaction of limestone with acid such as sulfuric acid is also a neutralization ...