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The detailed semantics of "the" ternary operator as well as its syntax differs significantly from language to language. A top level distinction from one language to another is whether the expressions permit side effects (as in most procedural languages) and whether the language provides short-circuit evaluation semantics, whereby only the selected expression is evaluated (most standard ...
OCaml expressions provide ternary operations against records, arrays, and strings: a.[b]<-c would mean the string a where index b has value c. [6] The multiply–accumulate operation is another ternary operator. Another example of a ternary operator is between, as used in SQL.
Some languages have an operator form of an if statement, such as C's ternary operator. Perl supplements a C-style if with when and unless. Smalltalk uses ifTrue and ifFalse messages to implement conditionals, rather than any fundamental language construct.
In a language that supports the Elvis operator, something like this: x = f() ?: g() will set x equal to the result of f() if that result is truthy, and to the result of g() otherwise. It is equivalent to this example, using the conditional ternary operator: x = f() ? f() : g() except that it does not evaluate f() twice if it yields truthy.
and | are bitwise operators that occur in many programming languages. The major difference is that bitwise operations operate on the individual bits of a binary numeral, whereas conditional operators operate on logical operations. Additionally, expressions before and after a bitwise operator are always evaluated.
For details and examples see Case (SQL). ^ Fortran 90 added the MERGE intrinsic. Fortran 2023 added the C-like ternary operator. ^ Pattern matching was added in Ruby 3.0. [16] Some pattern matching constructs are still experimental. ^ Arithmetic if was marked as obsolescent in Fortran 90. It was deleted as of the Fortran 2018 Standard.
Most programming languages support binary operators and a few unary operators, with a few supporting more operands, such as the ?: operator in C, which is ternary. There are prefix unary operators, such as unary minus -x, and postfix unary operators, such as post-increment x++; and binary operations are infix, such as x + y or x = y.
Initial implementations of the language C (1972) provided no Boolean type, and to this day Boolean values are commonly represented by integers (ints) in C programs. The comparison operators ( > , == , etc.) are defined to return a signed integer ( int ) result, either 0 (for false) or 1 (for true).