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The WHO guidelines recommend prompt oral administration of drugs ("by the mouth") when pain occurs, starting, if the patient is not in severe pain, with non-opioid drugs such as paracetamol (acetaminophen) or aspirin, [1] with or without "adjuvants" such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) including COX-2 inhibitors.
It contains a wide range of information and advice on prescribing for children - from newborn to adolescence. The entries are classified by group of drug, giving cautions for use, side effects, indications and dose for most of the drugs available for children in the UK National Health Service. It also includes information on the unlicensed uses ...
Paracetamol's bioavailability is dose-dependent: it increases from 63 % for 500 mg dose to 89 % for 1000 mg dose. [6] Its plasma terminal elimination half-life is 1.9–2.5 hours, [ 6 ] and volume of distribution is roughly 50 L. [ 132 ] Protein binding is negligible, except under the conditions of overdose, when it may reach 15–21 %. [ 6 ]
The British National Formulary (BNF) is a United Kingdom (UK) pharmaceutical reference book that contains a wide spectrum of information and advice on prescribing and pharmacology, along with specific facts and details about many medicines available on the UK National Health Service (NHS).
Paracetamol toxicity is one of the most common causes of poisoning worldwide. [25] In the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand, paracetamol is the most common cause of drug overdoses. [20] [92] [93] Additionally, in both the United States and the United Kingdom it is the most common cause of acute liver failure. [94] [9]
An equianalgesic chart is a conversion chart that lists equivalent doses of analgesics (drugs used to relieve pain). Equianalgesic charts are used for calculation of an equivalent dose (a dose which would offer an equal amount of analgesia) between different analgesics. [1]
"Paracetamol has been associated with cases of acute liver failure, at times resulting in liver transplant and death. Most of the cases of liver injury are associated with the use of paracetamol at doses that exceed 4000 milligrams per day, and often involve more than one paracetamol-containing product." [2]
Drug administration via the nasal cavity yields rapid drug absorption and therapeutic effects. [33] This is because drug absorption through the nasal passages does not go through the gut before entering capillaries situated at tissue cells and then systemic circulation and such absorption route allows transport of drugs into the central nervous ...