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  2. Biomining - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomining

    The possibility of using microorganisms in biomining applications was realized after the 1951 paper by Kenneth Temple and Arthur Colmer. [9] In the paper the authors presented evidence that the bacteria Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (basonym Thiobacillus ferrooxidans) is an iron oxidizer that thrive in iron, copper and magnesium-rich environments. [9]

  3. Smelting - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smelting

    Iron oxide becomes metallic iron at roughly 1250 °C (2282 °F or 1523 K), almost 300 degrees below iron's melting point of 1538 °C (2800 °F or 1811 K). [ 5 ] Mercuric oxide becomes vaporous mercury near 550 °C (1022 °F or 823 K), almost 600 degrees above mercury's melting point of -38 °C (-36.4 °F or 235 K), and also above mercury's ...

  4. Extractive metallurgy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extractive_metallurgy

    Extractive metallurgy is a branch of metallurgical engineering wherein process and methods of extraction of metals from their natural mineral deposits are studied. The field is a materials science, covering all aspects of the types of ore, washing, concentration, separation, chemical processes and extraction of pure metal and their alloying to suit various applications, sometimes for direct ...

  5. Pyrometallurgy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrometallurgy

    Pyrometallurgy is a branch of extractive metallurgy.It consists of the thermal treatment of minerals and metallurgical ores and concentrates to bring about physical and chemical transformations in the materials to enable recovery of valuable metals. [1]

  6. Mineral processing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_processing

    The blast furnace was the next step in smelting iron which produced pig iron. [4] The first blast furnaces in Europe appeared in the early 1200s around Sweden and Belgium, and not until the late 1400s in England. The pig iron poured from a blast furnace is high in carbon making it hard and brittle, making it hard to work with.

  7. Leaching (metallurgy) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaching_(metallurgy)

    Leaching is a process widely used in extractive metallurgy where ore is treated with chemicals to convert the valuable metals within the ore, into soluble salts while the impurity remains insoluble.

  8. Siderophore - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siderophore

    These low levels of iron limit the primary production of phytoplankton and have led to the Iron Hypothesis [39] where it was proposed that an influx of iron would promote phytoplankton growth and thereby reduce atmospheric CO 2. This hypothesis has been tested on more than 10 different occasions and in all cases, massive blooms resulted.

  9. Ferrous metallurgy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy

    Iron smelting—the extraction of usable metal from oxidized iron ores—is more difficult than tin and copper smelting. While these metals and their alloys can be cold-worked or melted in relatively simple furnaces (such as the kilns used for pottery ) and cast into molds, smelted iron requires hot-working and can be melted only in specially ...

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