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Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) is a superantigen with a size of 22 kDa [1] produced by 5 to 25% of Staphylococcus aureus isolates. It causes toxic shock syndrome (TSS) by stimulating the release of large amounts of interleukin-1, interleukin-2 and tumor necrosis factor. In general, the toxin is not produced by bacteria growing in the ...
Type II toxin-antitoxin systems are generally better-understood than type I. [39] In this system a labile proteic antitoxin tightly binds and inhibits the activity of a stable toxin. [10] The largest family of type II toxin-antitoxin systems is vapBC , [ 53 ] which has been found through bioinformatics searches to represent between 37 and 42% ...
IstR-1 is thought to both inhibit translation of the TisB toxin, and promote RNase III cleavage of the RNA duplex formed when IstR-1 base pairs to tisB mRNA. Binding of the complementary sequence of istR-1 sRNA to tisB mRNA in the ribosome standby site is thought to prevent loading of ribosomes and therefore prevent translation of the TisB protein. [5]
The Ccd and parD systems are found to be strikingly similar in terms of their structures and actions. The antitoxin protein of each system interacts with its cognate toxin to neutralise the activity of the toxin and in the process the complex of the two becomes an efficient transcription repressor. [6]
Margatoxin is a peptide originally purified from the venom of the scorpion Centrutoides margaritatus (Central American Bark Scorpion). Scorpion toxins are specific and have a high affinity for their targets, and this makes them good tools to characterize various receptor proteins involved in ion channel functioning.
It was the first type I toxin-antitoxin pair to be identified through characterisation of a plasmid-stabilising locus. [1] It is a type I system because the toxin is neutralised by a complementary RNA, rather than a partnered protein (type II toxin-antitoxin). [2] The conserved secondary structure of sok non-coding RNA transcript which binds ...
The toxin is usually an AB toxin, a cytotoxic protein derived from a bacterial or plant protein, from which the natural binding domain has been removed so that the Fv directs the toxin to the antigen on the target cell. [1] Sometimes recombinant fusion proteins containing a toxin and a growth factor are also referred to as recombinant ...
Immunotoxicology (sometimes abbreviated as ITOX) is the study of the toxicity of foreign substances called xenobiotics and their effects on the immune system. [1] Some toxic agents that are known to alter the immune system include: industrial chemicals, heavy metals, agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, drugs, ultraviolet radiation, air pollutants and some biological materials.