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The hok/sok type I toxin-antitoxin system. Type I toxin-antitoxin systems rely on the base-pairing of complementary antitoxin RNA with the toxin mRNA. Translation of the mRNA is then inhibited either by degradation via RNase III or by occluding the Shine-Dalgarno sequence or ribosome binding site of the toxin mRNA. Often the toxin and antitoxin ...
IstR-1 is thought to both inhibit translation of the TisB toxin, and promote RNase III cleavage of the RNA duplex formed when IstR-1 base pairs to tisB mRNA. Binding of the complementary sequence of istR-1 sRNA to tisB mRNA in the ribosome standby site is thought to prevent loading of ribosomes and therefore prevent translation of the TisB protein. [5]
The Ccd and parD systems are found to be strikingly similar in terms of their structures and actions. The antitoxin protein of each system interacts with its cognate toxin to neutralise the activity of the toxin and in the process the complex of the two becomes an efficient transcription repressor. [6]
Proteic addiction modules use proteins as toxins and antitoxins, as opposed to RNA or other methods. The known proteic addiction modules all have similar shared characteristics, including placement of the antitoxin gene relative to the toxin gene, method of toxin neutralization by the antitoxin, and autoregulation of the addiction module by the antitoxin or toxin:antitoxin complex.
Anti-tetanus immunoglobulin, also known as tetanus immune globulin (TIG) and tetanus antitoxin, is a medication made up of antibodies against the tetanus toxin. [1] It is used to prevent tetanus in those who have a wound that is at high risk, have not been fully vaccinated with tetanus toxoid, or have HIV/AIDS.
It was the first type I toxin-antitoxin pair to be identified through characterisation of a plasmid-stabilising locus. [1] It is a type I system because the toxin is neutralised by a complementary RNA, rather than a partnered protein (type II toxin-antitoxin). [2] The conserved secondary structure of sok non-coding RNA transcript which binds ...
Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) is a superantigen with a size of 22 kDa [1] produced by 5 to 25% of Staphylococcus aureus isolates. It causes toxic shock syndrome (TSS) by stimulating the release of large amounts of interleukin-1, interleukin-2 and tumor necrosis factor. In general, the toxin is not produced by bacteria growing in the ...
The toxin is usually an AB toxin, a cytotoxic protein derived from a bacterial or plant protein, from which the natural binding domain has been removed so that the Fv directs the toxin to the antigen on the target cell. [1] Sometimes recombinant fusion proteins containing a toxin and a growth factor are also referred to as recombinant ...