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  2. Fluorine - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorine

    Hydrogen and fluorine combine to yield hydrogen fluoride, in which discrete molecules form clusters by hydrogen bonding, resembling water more than hydrogen chloride. [ 126 ] [ 127 ] [ 128 ] It boils at a much higher temperature than heavier hydrogen halides and unlike them is miscible with water. [ 129 ]

  3. Fluorine compounds - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorine_compounds

    The bond energy is significantly weaker than those of Cl 2 or Br 2 molecules and similar to the easily cleaved oxygen–oxygen bonds of peroxides or nitrogen–nitrogen bonds of hydrazines. [8] The covalent radius of fluorine of about 71 picometers found in F 2 molecules is significantly larger than that in other compounds because of this weak ...

  4. Pykrete - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pykrete

    A slab of pykrete Pykrete is made of 14% sawdust and 86% water by mass.. Pykrete (/ ˈ p aɪ k r iː t /, PIE-creet) [1] is a frozen ice composite, [2] originally made of approximately 14% sawdust or some other form of wood pulp (such as paper) and 86% ice by weight (6 to 1 by weight).

  5. Ice rules - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_rules

    In 1935, Linus Pauling used the ice rules to calculate the residual entropy (zero temperature entropy) of ice I h. [3] For this (and other) reasons the rules are sometimes mis-attributed and referred to as "Pauling's ice rules" (not to be confused with Pauling's rules for ionic crystals). A nice figure of the resulting structure can be found in ...

  6. Table of specific heat capacities - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_specific_heat...

    Note that the especially high molar values, as for paraffin, gasoline, water and ammonia, result from calculating specific heats in terms of moles of molecules. If specific heat is expressed per mole of atoms for these substances, none of the constant-volume values exceed, to any large extent, the theoretical Dulong–Petit limit of 25 J⋅mol ...

  7. Fluorocarbon - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorocarbon

    Perfluoroalkanes are very stable because of the strength of the carbon–fluorine bond, one of the strongest in organic chemistry. [4] Its strength is a result of the electronegativity of fluorine imparting partial ionic character through partial charges on the carbon and fluorine atoms, which shorten and strengthen the bond (compared to carbon-hydrogen bonds) through favorable covalent ...

  8. Ball-and-stick model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball-and-stick_model

    The motion of water molecules at room temperature and their transient interactions with each other Ball-and-stick models can be physical artifacts or virtual computer models . The former are usually built from molecular modeling kits, consisting of a number of coil springs or plastic or wood sticks, and a number of plastic balls with pre ...

  9. Carbon–fluorine bond - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon–fluorine_bond

    Carbon–fluorine bonds can have a bond dissociation energy (BDE) of up to 130 kcal/mol. [2] The BDE (strength of the bond) of C–F is higher than other carbon–halogen and carbon–hydrogen bonds. For example, the BDEs of the C–X bond within a CH 3 –X molecule is 115, 104.9, 83.7, 72.1, and 57.6 kcal/mol for X = fluorine, hydrogen ...