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4-Nitrophenol is an intermediate in the synthesis of paracetamol. It is reduced to 4-aminophenol, then acetylated with acetic anhydride. [6] 4-Nitrophenol is used as the precursor for the preparation of phenetidine and acetophenetidine, indicators, and raw materials for fungicides. Bioaccumulation of this compound rarely occurs.
Synthesis of DNP (right) from phenol and nitric acid via 2-Nitrophenol and 4-Nitrophenol. DNP has the chemical formula HOC 6 H 3 (NO 2) 2. As a solid, it is a yellow, crystalline and has a sweet, musty odor. [1] [2] It sublimates, is volatile with steam, and is soluble in most organic solvents as well as aqueous alkaline solutions. [2]
p-Nitrophenol, yellow solid is a precursor to the rice herbicide fluorodifen, the pesticide parathion, and the human analgesic paracetamol (also known as acetaminophen). The mononitrated phenols are often hydrogenated to the corresponding aminophenols that are also useful industrially.
[17] 2-Nitrophenol is an aggregation pheromone of ticks. Examples of nitro compounds are rare in nature. 3-Nitropropionic acid found in fungi and plants . Nitropentadecene is a defense compound found in termites. Aristolochic acids are found in the flowering plant family Aristolochiaceae. Nitrophenylethane is found in Aniba canelilla. [18]
Toxicology is a scientific discipline, overlapping with biology, chemistry, pharmacology, and medicine, that involves the study of the adverse effects of chemical substances on living organisms [1] and the practice of diagnosing and treating exposures to toxins and toxicants.
Phenols are an important group of ecotoxins due to their toxicity and persistence. [39] Many microorganisms can degrade aromatic pollutants and use them as a source of energy, [ 40 ] and the ability of microalgae to degrade a multitude of aromatic compounds including phenolic compounds is increasingly recognized.
C 6-C 7-C 6 Diarylheptanoids are not included in this Harborne classification.. They can also be classified on the basis of their number of phenol groups. They can therefore be called simple phenols or monophenols, with only one phenolic group, or di-(bi-), tri-and oligophenols, with two, three or several phenolic groups respectively.
Toxicity is the degree to which a chemical substance or a particular mixture of substances can damage an organism. [1] Toxicity can refer to the effect on a whole organism, such as an animal, bacterium, or plant, as well as the effect on a substructure of the organism, such as a cell (cytotoxicity) or an organ such as the liver (hepatotoxicity).