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Several ranks were widely used (for more than a thousand years in Europe alone) for both sovereign rulers and non-sovereigns. Additional knowledge about the territory and historic period is required to know whether the rank holder was a sovereign or non-sovereign.
Map of Europe showing current monarchies (red) and republics (blue) In the European history, monarchy was the prevalent form of government throughout the Middle Ages, only occasionally competing with communalism, notably in the case of the maritime republics and the Swiss Confederacy.
Kingdom of Croatia (medieval) (925–1102) Kingdom of England (927–1707; united with Kingdom of Scotland to become Kingdom of Great Britain) Magh Luirg (c. 956 – c. 1585) Kingdom of Sweden (970–1866; became constitutional monarchy) Ma-i (Before AD 971-1339) Sultanate of Egypt (972–1517; became subnational monarchy of the Ottoman Empire)
The name of this era of history derives from classical antiquity (or the Greco-Roman era) of Europe. Though, the everyday context in use is reverse (such as historians reference to Medieval China ). In European history, "post-classical" is synonymous with the medieval time or Middle Ages , the period of history from around the 5th century to ...
The European powers grudgingly accepted the Sultan's imperial rank above European kings, but were unwilling to countenance a higher position for the Sultan than that of the Holy Roman Emperor. In the Treaty of Constantinople (1533), at the height of Ottoman power, the European accepted the subterfuge of referring to Charles V only as King of Spain.
The dynamics of hierarchy welded the court cultures together. Many early courts in Western Europe were itinerant courts that traveled from place to place. Local courts proliferated in the splintered polities of medieval Europe and remained in early modern times in Germany and in Italy.
In France, several duchies existed in the medieval period, including Normandy, Burgundy, Brittany, and Aquitaine.. The medieval German stem duchies (German: Stammesherzogtum, literally "tribal duchy," the official title of its ruler being Herzog or "duke") were associated with the Frankish Kingdom and corresponded with the areas of settlement of the major Germanic tribes.
This is a list of kingdoms and royal dynasties, organized by geographic region. Note: many countries have had multiple dynasties over the course of recorded history. This is not a comprehensively exhaustive list and may require further additions or historical verification.