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Frogs have no tail, except as larvae, and most have long hind legs, elongated ankle bones, webbed toes, no claws, large eyes, and a smooth or warty skin. They have short vertebral columns, with no more than 10 free vertebrae and fused tailbones (urostyle or coccyx). [ 47 ]
The amphibian bladder is usually highly distensible; among some land-dwelling species of frogs and salamanders, it may account for 20%–50% of total body weight. [44] Urine flows from the kidneys through the ureters into the bladder and is periodically released from the bladder to the cloaca. [45]
In cartilaginous fish and amphibians, sperm are carried through the archinephric duct, which also partially helps to transport urine from the kidneys. In teleosts , there is a distinct sperm duct, separate from the ureters , and often called the vas deferens, although probably not truly homologous with that in humans. [ 21 ]
The kidneys of snakes are elongated, cylindrical [53] [50] and lobulated. [52] Turtles and some lizards have urinary bladder [50] that opens into the cloaca [54] but snakes and crocodiles do not have it. [50] Compared with the metanephros of birds and mammals, the metanephros of reptiles is simpler in structure. [21]
The bladder is an organ that stores urine until it is released from the body. Several conditions can affect the bladder including urinary tract infections, bladder stones, bladder cancer, overactive bladder, cystitis, interstitial cystitis, abscess, fistula, and urinary incontinence. [4] [5] [1]
There have been many studies examining how this species copes with an infection of Bd. Some studies claim that Pseudacris maculata is struggling (8), [8] while others show that populations are maintaining themselves. [4] This is especially intriguing when one considers that the boreal chorus frog can have mortality up to 80% when infected with ...
The amphibian chytrid fungus appears to grow best between 17 and 25 °C (63 and 77 °F), [21] and exposure of infected frogs to high temperatures can cure the frogs. [29] In nature, the more time individual frogs were found at temperatures above 25 °C, the less likely they were to be infected by the amphibian chytrid. [ 30 ]
Ranoidea platycephala, is a species of frog that is common in most Australian states and territories and is commonly referred to as the water-holding frog but has also been referred to as the eastern water-holding frog, and the common water holding frog. [2]