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Bovids range in size from the 38 cm (15 in) long royal antelope to the 3.3 m (11 ft) long gaur, which can reach 1,500 kg (3,300 lb) in weight. [1] Over a billion each of domesticated sheep , cattle , and goats , and over 200 million domesticated water buffalo , 14 million domestic yak , and 300,000 domesticated gayal are used in farming worldwide.
The number of its horns distinguishes it from most of the other bovids, that have two horns [24] The four-horned antelope stands 55–64 centimetres (22–25 in) at the shoulder and weighs 17–22 kilograms (37–49 lb); the head-and-body length is typically between 80 and 110 centimetres (31 and 43 in). [25]
Bovids use different forms of vocal, olfactory, and tangible communication. These involve varied postures of neck, head, horns, hair, legs, and ears to convey sexual excitement, emotional state, or alarm. One such expression is the flehmen response. Bovids usually stand motionless, with the head high and an intent stare, when they sense danger.
The growth of antlers among the females of the deer species is only normal in female reindeer. 4. A Reindeer Grows New Antlers Every Year . Reindeer grow new antlers yearly.
Antlers of all deer are made of bone, but they aren't permanent. At some point during the year, a reindeer will shed its antlers and grow new ones to take their place.
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Antlers are considered one of the most exaggerated cases of male secondary sexual traits in the animal kingdom, [63] and grow faster than any other mammal bone. [64] Growth occurs at the tip, initially as cartilage that is then mineralized to become bone. Once the antler has achieved its full size, the velvet is lost and the antler's bone dies.
The horns of the nilgai lack the ringed structure typical of those of other bovids. [36] The nilgai is the largest antelope in Asia. [7] [37] It stands 1–1.5 m (3 ft 3 in – 4 ft 11 in) at the shoulder; [29] the head-and-body length is typically between 1.7–2.1 m (5 ft 7 in – 6 ft 11 in). [7]