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The abbreviations col 8, coll' 8, and c. 8 va stand for coll'ottava, meaning "with the octave", i.e. to play the notes in the passage together with the notes in the notated octaves. Any of these directions can be cancelled with the word loco , but often a dashed line or bracket indicates the extent of the music affected.
Musical symbols are marks and symbols in musical notation that indicate various aspects of how a piece of music is to be performed. There are symbols to communicate information about many musical elements, including pitch, duration, dynamics, or articulation of musical notes; tempo, metre, form (e.g., whether sections are repeated), and details about specific playing techniques (e.g., which ...
The next lower octave is named "contra". Notes in it include a prime symbol below the note's letter. Names of subsequent lower octaves are preceded with "sub". Notes in each include an additional prime symbol below the note's letter. The octave starting at middle C is called the "small" octave. Notes in it are written as lower case letters, so ...
The naming of individual Cs using the Helmholtz system. Helmholtz pitch notation is a system for naming musical notes of the Western chromatic scale.Fully described and normalized by the German scientist Hermann von Helmholtz, it uses a combination of upper and lower case letters (A to G), [a] and the sub- and super-prime symbols ( ͵ ′ or ⸜ ⸝) to denote each individual note of the scale.
Note names are also used for specifying the natural scale of a transposing instrument such as a clarinet, trumpet, or saxophone. The note names used are conventional, for example a clarinet is said to be in B ♭ , E ♭ , or A (the three most common registers), never in A ♯ , and D ♯ , and B (double-flat), while an alto flute is in G. [ 2 ]
Scales are typically listed from low to high pitch. Most scales are octave-repeating, meaning their pattern of notes is the same in every octave (the Bohlen–Pierce scale is one exception). An octave-repeating scale can be represented as a circular arrangement of pitch classes, ordered by increasing (or decreasing) pitch class.
Equal temperament by definition is such that A ♭ and G ♯ are at the same level. 1 ⁄ 4-comma meantone produces the "just" major third (5:4, 386 cents, a syntonic comma lower than the Pythagorean one of 408 cents). 1 ⁄ 3-comma meantone produces the "just" minor third (6:5, 316 cents, a syntonic comma higher than the Pythagorean one of 294 ...
The duration (note length or note value) is indicated by the form of the note-head or with the addition of a note-stem plus beams or flags. A stemless hollow oval is a whole note or semibreve, a hollow rectangle or stemless hollow oval with one or two vertical lines on both sides is a double whole note or breve.