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Normal faults occur when two plates, one on top of the other, slide past each other and create the fault. Reverse faults occur when one plate slides under the other, creating a vertical offset. Strike-slip faults happen when two plates move horizontally past each other.
Figure 9.5.1 9.5. 1: Simplified block diagram of a reverse fault. In reverse faults, compressional forces cause the hanging wall to move up relative to the footwall. A thrust fault is a reverse fault where the fault plane has a low dip angle of less than 45°.
Reverse faults form when the hanging wall moves up. The forces creating reverse faults are compressional, pushing the sides together. They are common at convergent boundaries. Together, normal and reverse faults are called dip-slip faults, because the movement on them occurs along the dip direction -- either down or up, respectively.
(A) Reverse faults display severe damage in the form of landslides over the fault trace caused by the inability of the hanging wall to support the overhang caused by the fault displacement, folds, and compression features within the fractured hanging wall, and compressional block tilting.
Reverse Faults. In reverse faults, the hanging wall moves upwards relative to the footwall. This motion can be determined by tracing the offset of the beds in a vertical motion in a block diagram. In map view, the hanging wall rocks will be older than the footwall rocks, due to erosion of the uplifted side (Figure 15). Figure 15. Reverse Fault.
Block diagrams illustrating common types of faults: normal fault, reverse fault, strike-slip fault, and thrust fault. Offset strata illustrates the relative motion of the foot wall to the hanging wall of each type of fault.
Reverse Faults • If the hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall, the fault is a reverse fault. Reverse faults are caused by compressional stress, or stress that pushes rocks together.
In a reverse fault, the block above the fault moves up relative to the block below the fault. This fault motion is caused by compressional forces and results in shortening. A reverse fault is called a thrust fault if the dip of the fault plane is small.
Block diagram of showing a reverse fault, with the orientation of the principle stresses, σ 1, σ 2, and σ 3 noted (Modified after Fossen 2010)
A reverse fault is a dip-slip fault where the hanging wall moves up relative to the foot wall. Reverse faults are generally recognized by the emplacement of older rocks above younger ones, though in areas of complex deformation this is not always the case.