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The oldest possible archaeological indicator of a changed relationship between horses and humans is the appearance about 4800–4400 BCE of horse bones and carved images of horses in Chalcolithic graves of the early Khvalynsk culture and the Samara culture in the middle Volga region of Russia.
The lower leg bones of a horse correspond to the bones of the human hand or foot, and the fetlock (incorrectly called the "ankle") is actually the proximal sesamoid bones between the cannon bones (a single equivalent to the human metacarpal or metatarsal bones) and the proximal phalanges, located where one finds the "knuckles" of a human.
The history of horse domestication has been subject to much debate, with various competing hypotheses over time about how domestication of the horse occurred. The main point of contention was whether the domestication of the horse occurred once in a single domestication event, or that the horse was domesticated independently multiple times.
The ancestral coat color of E. ferus was possibly a uniform dun, consistent with modern populations of Przewalski's horses. Pre-domestication variants including black and spotted have been inferred from cave wall paintings and confirmed by genomic analysis. [58] Domestication may have also led to more varieties of coat colors. [59]
Damgaard et al. (2018) confirmed that the Botai horses were not the ancestors of the common modern horse Equus caballus but were nonetheless domesticated. Three types of tooth and bone wear on Botai horse jaws show that bits were used to control horses (i.e. through the use of reins or bridles), and horse remains were found with the TRPM1 coat ...
One of the first hypotheses put forward by Professor Toussaint in 1874 was that Solutrean man domesticated these horses, so that they could be lassoed and eaten.André Sanson [6] and Charles-Alexandre Piétrement [7] invalidated this hypothesis, based on their knowledge of Paleolithic man: [8] the latter indicated that the bones came from horses slaughtered by a hunting party, [9] and that the ...
Others prefer to be in a poorly light tunnel, surrounded by stacks of human bones. Some like to spend their holidays lounging on a beach. Others prefer to be in a poorly light tunnel, surrounded ...
Horse bones may also be rare because horses were probably not eaten or used in burials by the Harappans. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] Remains and artifacts ascribed to domesticated horses are limited to Late Harappan times [ 17 ] [ 5 ] [ note 10 ] indicating that horses may have been present at Late Harappan times, [ 3 ] "when the Vedic people had settled in ...