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Performance attribution, or investment performance attribution is a set of techniques that performance analysts use to explain why a portfolio's performance differed from the benchmark. This difference between the portfolio return and the benchmark return is known as the active return .
Portfolio Analysis: Advanced topics in performance measurement, risk and attribution (Risk Books, 2006. ISBN 1-904339-82-4 ) is an industry text written by a comprehensive selection of industry experts and edited by Timothy P. Ryan .
This use of capital based on risk improves the capital allocation across different functional areas of banks, insurance companies, or any business in which capital is placed at risk for an expected return above the risk-free rate. RAROC system allocates capital for two basic reasons: Risk management; Performance evaluation
Portfolio optimization is the process of selecting an optimal portfolio (asset distribution), out of a set of considered portfolios, according to some objective. The objective typically maximizes factors such as expected return , and minimizes costs like financial risk , resulting in a multi-objective optimization problem.
The investment performance is measured over a specific period of time and in a specific currency. Investors often distinguish different types of return. One is the distinction between the total return and the price return , where the former takes into account income ( interest and dividends ), whereas the latter only takes into account capital ...
In finance, Jensen's alpha [1] (or Jensen's Performance Index, ex-post alpha) is used to determine the abnormal return of a security or portfolio of securities over the theoretical expected return. It is a version of the standard alpha based on a theoretical performance instead of a market index .
The M 2 measure is used to characterize how well a portfolio's return rewards an investor for the amount of risk taken, relative to that of some benchmark portfolio and to the risk-free rate. Thus, an investment that took a great deal more risk than some benchmark portfolio, but only had a small performance advantage, might have lesser risk ...
Its vertical intercept represents a portfolio with 100% of holdings in the risk-free asset; the tangency with the hyperbola represents a portfolio with no risk-free holdings and 100% of assets held in the portfolio occurring at the tangency point; points between those points are portfolios containing positive amounts of both the risky tangency ...