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Data on house prices and attitudes toward integration suggest that in the mid-20th century, segregation was a product of collective actions taken by whites to exclude blacks from their neighborhoods. [124] The creation of expressways in some cases divided and isolated black neighborhoods from goods and services, many times within industrial ...
De jure segregation was outlawed by the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and the Fair Housing Act of 1968. [12] In specific areas, however, segregation was barred earlier by the Warren Court in decisions such as the Brown v. Board of Education decision that overturned school segregation in the United States.
Segregation continued even after the demise of the Jim Crow laws. Data on house prices and attitudes towards integration suggest that in the mid-20th century, segregation was a product of collective actions taken by whites to exclude Blacks from their neighborhoods. [151]
The Detroit, Mich., skyline is seen from Grand River Avenue on October 23, 2019. A new study says Detroit is the most segregated metropolitan area in the U.S. Credit - Jeff Kowalsky—AFP/Getty Images
The 74 reports on loopholes, laws and lack of protections allowing Black, brown, low-income students to be excluded from America's most coveted schools.
An African American man drinking at a "colored" drinking fountain in a streetcar terminal in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 1939. The Jim Crow laws and the high rate of lynchings in the South were major factors that led to the Great Migration during the first half of the 20th century. Because opportunities were very limited in the South, African ...
Into the 20th century, black schools had second-hand books and buildings (see Station One School), and teachers were paid less and had larger classes. [29] In Washington, D.C. , however, because public school teachers were federal employees, African-American and Caucasian teachers were paid the same.
The nadir of American race relations was the period in African-American history and the history of the United States from the end of Reconstruction in 1877 through the early 20th century, when racism in the country, and particularly anti-black racism, was more open and pronounced than it had ever been during any other period in the nation's history.