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Change in stool (constipation or diarrhea, especially with blood or mucus) Abnormal temperature (a rectal temperature less than 97.0 °F (36.1 °C) or over 100.4 °F (38.0 °C) Irritability (crying all day with few calm periods in between) Lethargy (excess sleepiness, lack of smiles or interested gaze, weak sucking lasting over six hours)
Breastfed infants are at a lower risk for acquiring iron-deficiency anemia. Infants that only consume cow's milk become deficient in iron and are 50% more likely to lose blood in their stool. If the infant is allergic to cow's milk, it causes inflammation of the digestive system, resulting in chronic blood loss and decreased absorption of iron.
Meconium is the earliest stool of a mammalian infant resulting from defecation.Unlike later feces, meconium is composed of materials ingested during the time the infant spends in the uterus: intestinal epithelial cells, lanugo, mucus, amniotic fluid, bile, and water.
Breastfed infants have somewhat lower blood pressure later in life, but it is unclear how much practical benefit this provides. [185] [186] A 1998 study suggested that breastfed babies have a better chance of good dental health than formula-fed infants because of the developmental effects of breastfeeding on the oral cavity and airway.
Solid stool incontinence may be called complete (or major) incontinence, and anything less as partial (or minor) incontinence (i.e. incontinence of flatus (gas), liquid stool and/or mucus). [ 2 ] In children over the age of four who have been toilet trained, a similar condition is generally termed encopresis (or soiling), which refers to the ...
High levels of prolactin during pregnancy and breastfeeding also increase insulin resistance, increase growth factor levels (IGF-1) and modify lipid metabolism in preparation for breastfeeding. During lactation, prolactin is the main factor maintaining tight junctions of the ductal epithelium and regulating milk production through osmotic balance.
A 2016 review ties this "lochial period" to worldwide customs of postpartum confinement, a time for the new mother and baby to bond. [3] Lochia is sterile for the first two days, but not so by the third or fourth day, as the uterus begins to be colonized by vaginal commensals such as non-hemolytic streptococci and E. coli. [4]
Breast-fed infants with diarrhea often choose to breastfeed more, and should be encouraged to do so. [20] In young children who are not breast-fed and live in the developed world, a lactose-free diet may be useful to speed recovery. [105] Eating food containing soluble fibre may help, but insoluble fibre might make it worse. [106]