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In 16th-century southern Portugal there were Chinese slaves but the number of them was described as "negligible", being outnumbered by East Indian, Mourisco, and African slaves. [54] Amerindians, Chinese, Malays, and Indians were slaves in Portugal but in far fewer number than Turks, Berbers, and Arabs. [55]
The history of Portugal can be traced from circa 400,000 years ago, when the region of present-day Portugal was inhabited by Homo heidelbergensis.. The Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula, which lasted almost two centuries, led to the establishment of the provinces of Lusitania in the south and Gallaecia in the north of what is now Portugal.
The complete Romanization of Portugal, intensified during the rule of Augustus, took three centuries and was stronger in Southern Portugal, most of which were administrative dependencies of the Roman city of Pax Julia, currently known as Beja. The city was named Pax Julia in honour of Julius Caesar and to celebrate peace in Lusitania. Augustus ...
Municipal slaves were owned by the municipalities and served similar functions as the public slaves of the Roman state. Municipal public slaves could be freed by their municipal council. [470] Imperial and municipal slaves are better documented than most slaves because their higher status prompted them to identify themselves as such in ...
Slaves were initially rare. Only the richest could afford them and owning a slave was a symbol of social prestige. From the 16th century, however, slaves became commonplace and were employed both in a domestic context and on large-scale works such as land reclamation in the Algarve region of Portugal. [2] [3] [4]
The latifundia distressed Pliny the Elder (died AD 79) as he travelled, seeing only slaves working the land, not the sturdy Roman farmers who had been the backbone of the Republic's army. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] His writings can be seen as a part of the conservative reaction to the profit-oriented new attitudes of the upper classes of the Early Empire.
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According to several historians quoted by João Paulo Rocha in 1910, the first Phoenicians arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 935 BC, to search for gold and silver, having returned a few years later with a larger fleet, which reached as far as Cape St. Vincent [12] In the city of Lagos several Phoenician remains have been found, such as ceramics found in Barroca Street, dating from the ...