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Although not often highlighted in American history, before Rosa Parks changed America when she was arrested for refusing to give up her seat to a white passenger on a Montgomery, Alabama city bus in December 1955, 19th-century African-American civil rights activists worked strenuously from the 1850s until the 1880s for the cause of equal treatment.
In the 19th century, American protest songs focused heavily on topics including slavery, poverty, and the Civil War while the 20th century saw an increased popularity in songs pertaining to women's rights, economic injustice, and politics/ war. [2] In the 21st century, popular protest songs address police brutality, racism, and more. [3]
Activist and folk singer Pete Seeger noted the importance of music in the Civil Rights Movement and was a notable conduit of music within the movement. Seeger was known to have helped spread the song ‘We Shall Overcome” to civil rights workers at the Highlander Folk School, which became an anthem of civil justice activism.
The movement has origins in the Reconstruction era during the late 19th century, although it made its largest legislative gains in the 1960s after years of direct actions and grassroots protests. The social movement's major nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience campaigns eventually secured new protections in federal law for the human ...
African-American women promoted the arts, focusing on "celebrating African American traditions and culture." [142] These included African-American music, theater and dance. [142] Clubwomen saw themselves as carrying on both art and tradition of their lives in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century. [143]
Originally arriving in the 17th century as enslaved Africans, the population of African Americans in Philadelphia grew during the 18th and 19th centuries to include numerous free Black residents who were active in the abolitionist movement and as conductors in the Underground Railroad. During the 20th and 21st centuries, Black Philadelphians ...
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List of 19th-century African-American civil rights activists; Jim Crow laws; African Americans in San Francisco; Elizabeth Jennings Graham, 1854 sued and won case that led to desegregation of streetcars in New York City; John Mitchell Jr., in 1904, he organized a black boycott of Richmond, Virginia's segregated trolley system