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Major symptoms are sudden loss of vision (partial or complete), sudden blurred or "foggy" vision, and; pain on movement of the affected eye. [4] [5] [2]Many patients with optic neuritis may lose some of their color vision in the affected eye (especially red), with colors appearing subtly washed out compared to the other eye.
Retrobulbar neuritis, an inflamed optic nerve, but with a normal-appearing nerve head, is associated with pain and the other findings of papillitis. Pseudopapilledema is a normal variant of the optic disk , in which the disk appears elevated, with indistinct margins and a normal vascular pattern.
Ischemic optic neuropathies are classified based on the location of the damage and the cause of reduced blood flow if known. [3] Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION) includes diseases that affect the optic nerve head and cause swelling of the optic disc. These diseases often cause sudden rapid visual loss in one eye.
However, if the eyes are asymmetrically affected, i.e. one eye's optic nerve is more damaged than the other, it will produce an important sign called an afferent pupillary defect. [citation needed] Defective light perception in one eye causes an asymmetrical pupillary constriction reflex called the afferent pupillary defect (APD). [citation needed]
There are many diseases known to cause ocular or visual changes. Diabetes , for example, is the leading cause of new cases of blindness in those aged 20–74, with ocular manifestations such as diabetic retinopathy and macular edema affecting up to 80% of those who have had the disease for 15 years or more.
Retrobulbar bleeding, also known as retrobulbar hemorrhage, is when bleeding occurs behind the eye. [1] Symptoms may include pain, bruising around the eye, the eye bulging outwards, vomiting, and vision loss. [1] Retrobulbar bleeding can occur as a result of trauma to the eye, surgery to the eye, blood thinners, or an arteriovenous malformation ...
Nutritional deficiency may be the cause of a genuine optic neuropathy, sometimes associated with involvement of the peripheral nervous system, called peripheral neuropathy. Loss of vision is usually bilateral, painless, chronic, insidious and slowly progressive. Most often, they present as a non-specific retrobulbar optic neuropathy. Patients ...
Anterior or retrobulbar ischemic optic neuropathy not associated with pain. Chronic progressive vision loss that mimics a compressive lesion. The main features that differentiate AON from the more common typical demyelinating optic neuritis is the poor recovery of vision and the chronic or recurrent or bilateral course of AON. [ 2 ]