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The risk-free rate has zero risk (most modern major governments will inflate and monetise their debts rather than default upon them), but the return is positive because there is still both the time-preference and inflation premium components of minimum expected rates of return that must be met or exceeded if the funding is to be forthcoming ...
The risk-return ratio is then defined and measured, for a specific time period, as: = / Note that dividing a percentage numerator by a percentage denominator renders a single number. This RRR number is a measure of the return in terms of risk.
The relationship between risk and return is often represented by a trade-off. In general, the more risk you take on, the greater your possible return. Think of lottery tickets, for example.
Investors are risk-averse in nature and possess the same expectations; Efficient markets with limited opportunity for arbitrage; Perfect capital markets; Infinite number of assets; Risk factors are indicative of systematic risks that cannot be diversified away and thus impact all financial assets, to some degree. Thus, these factors must be:
Risk and return are, effectively, two sides of the same coin. In an efficient market, higher risks correlate with stronger potential returns. At the same time, lower returns correlate with safer ...
An investor who is highly risk averse will hold a portfolio on the lower left hand of the frontier, and an investor who isn’t too risk averse will choose a portfolio on the upper portion of the frontier. Figure 2: Risk-return indifference curves. Figure 2 shows the risk-return indifference curve for the investors.
E(R i) is an expected return on security E(R M) is an expected return on market portfolio M β is a nondiversifiable or systematic risk R M is a market rate of return R f is a risk-free rate. When used in portfolio management, the SML represents the investment's opportunity cost (investing in a combination of the market portfolio and the risk ...
Government bonds are conventionally considered to be relatively risk-free to a domestic holder of a government bond, because there is by definition no risk of default – the bond is a form of government obligation which is being discharged through the payment of another form of government obligation (i.e. the domestic currency). [5]