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The acronym RIFLE is used to define the spectrum of progressive kidney injury seen in AKI: [14] [15] Pathophysiology of acute kidney injury in the proximal renal tubule. Risk: 1.5-fold increase in the serum creatinine, or glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decrease by 25 percent, or urine output <0.5 mL/kg per hour for six hours.
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acute tubular necrosis or other kidney damage (postrenal disease) either excess sodium is lost due to tubular damage, or the damaged glomeruli result in hypovolemia resulting in the normal response of sodium wasting. intermediate either disorder In renal tract obstruction, values may be either higher or lower than 1%. [3]
Postrenal acute kidney injury. Acute kidney injury, or AKI, is when the kidney isn’t functioning at 100% and that decrease in function usually over a few days. Actually, AKI used to be known as acute renal failure, or ARF, but AKI is a broader term that also includes subtle decreases in kidney function.
For the adult male, the normal range is 0.6 to 1.2 mg/dl, or 53 to 106 μmol/L by the kinetic or enzymatic method, and 0.8 to 1.5 mg/dl, or 70 to 133 μmol/L by the older manual Jaffé reaction. For the adult female, with her generally lower muscle mass, the normal range is 0.5 to 1.1 mg/dl, or 44 to 97 μmol/L by the enzymatic method.
Blockage of urine flow in an area below the kidneys results in postrenal azotemia. It can be caused by congenital abnormalities such as vesicoureteral reflux , blockage of the ureters by kidney stones , pregnancy , compression of the ureters by cancer , prostatic hyperplasia , or blockage of the urethra by kidney or bladder stones . [ 1 ]
The origins of pathophysiology as a distinct field date back to the late 18th century. The first known lectures on the subject were delivered by Professor August Friedrich Hecker at the University of Erfurt in 1790, and in 1791, he published the first textbook on pathophysiology, Grundriss der Physiologia pathologica, [2] spanning 770 pages. [3]
[2] [3] The World Health Organization has reported that "kidney diseases have risen from the world’s nineteenth leading cause of death to the ninth, with the number of deaths increasing by 95% between 2000 and 2021." [4] In the United States, prevalence has risen from about one in eight in 2007, [5] to one in seven in 2021. [6]