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First, the scale is logarithmic, so that each unit represents a ten-fold increase in the amplitude of the seismic waves. [12] As the energy of a wave is proportional to A 1.5, where A denotes the amplitude, each unit of magnitude represents a 10 1.5 ≈32-fold increase in the seismic energy (strength) of an earthquake. [13]
The Bulgars, at least the Danubian Bulgars, had a well-developed clan and military administrative system of "inner" and "outer" tribes, [109] governed by the ruling clan. [110] They had many titles, and according to Steven Runciman the distinction between titles which represented offices and mere ornamental dignities was somewhat vague. [ 111 ]
The Richter scale [1] (/ ˈ r ɪ k t ər /), also called the Richter magnitude scale, Richter's magnitude scale, and the Gutenberg–Richter scale, [2] is a measure of the strength of earthquakes, developed by Charles Richter in collaboration with Beno Gutenberg, and presented in Richter's landmark 1935 paper, where he called it the "magnitude scale". [3]
The Mohs scale is an ordinal scale. For example, corundum (9) is twice as hard as topaz (8), but diamond (10) is four times as hard as corundum. [ citation needed ] The table below shows the comparison with the absolute hardness measured by a sclerometer , with images of the reference minerals in the rightmost column.
10 −11 10 −10 ~160 pN Force to break a typical noncovalent bond [8] 10 −9 nanonewton (nN) ~1.6 nN Force to break a typical covalent bond [8] 10 −8 ~82nN Force on an electron in a hydrogen atom [1] 10 −7 ~200nN Force between two 1 meter long conductors, 1 meter apart by an outdated definition of one ampere: 10 −6 micronewton (μN) 1 ...
However, 1 and 15 are not within an order of magnitude, since their ratio is 15/1 = 15 > 10. The reciprocal ratio, 1/15, is less than 0.1, so the same result is obtained. Differences in order of magnitude can be measured on a base-10 logarithmic scale in " decades " (i.e., factors of ten). [ 2 ]
These are my 10 best strength exercises for seniors.Be Research shows that muscular strength decreases as you age, anywhere from 16.6% to 40.9%. Your muscle mass naturally declines as well.
It is often further specified as the Danube Bulgarian Khanate, or Danube Bulgar Khanate [18] [19] in order to differentiate it from Volga Bulgaria, which emerged from another Bulgar group. From the country's Christianization in 864 and the assumption of the imperial title by its rulers in 913, the country is also referred to as the Principality ...