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Methylxanthines are chemical compounds which are derivatives of xanthine with one or more methyl groups, including: One methyl group: 1-Methylxanthine;
Xanthine (/ ˈ z æ n θ iː n / or / ˈ z æ n θ aɪ n /, from Ancient Greek ξανθός xanthós ' yellow ' for its yellowish-white appearance; archaically xanthic acid; systematic name 3,7-dihydropurine-2,6-dione) is a purine base found in most human body tissues and fluids, as well as in other organisms. [2]
Paraxanthine is the primary metabolite of caffeine in humans and other animals, such as mice. [3] Shortly after ingestion, roughly 84% of caffeine is metabolized into paraxanthine by hepatic cytochrome P450 , which removes a methyl group from the N3 position of caffeine.
7-Methylxanthine (7-MX), also known as heteroxanthine, is an active metabolite of caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) and theobromine (3,7-dimethylxanthine). [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is a non-selective antagonist of the adenosine receptors .
The berries and leaves of several species are mildly toxic to humans, dogs, cats, livestock, rabbits, and tortoises, containing terpenoid glycosides which can cause extreme irritation to the hands and mouth upon contact and digestive distress if ingested; children and small animals are particularly susceptible. [151]
When ants bite humans, it grabs the skin and also sprays a compound called formic acid, Frye explains. Ant bites tend to be small, swollen bumps that appear in clusters, Kassouf says.
Its pharmacology is similar to other methylxanthine drugs (e.g., theobromine and caffeine). [1] Trace amounts of theophylline are naturally present in tea, coffee, chocolate, yerba maté, guarana, and kola nut. [1] [3] The name 'theophylline' derives from "Thea"—the former genus name for tea + Legacy Greek φύλλον (phúllon, "leaf") + -ine.
8-Phenyltheophylline (8-phenyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine, 8-PT) is a drug derived from the xanthine family which acts as a potent and selective antagonist for the adenosine receptors A 1 and A 2A, but unlike other xanthine derivatives has virtually no activity as a phosphodiesterase inhibitor.