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Biological functions of nitric oxide are roles that nitric oxide plays within biology. Nitric oxide (nitrogen monoxide) is a molecule and chemical compound with chemical formula of N O . In mammals including humans, nitric oxide is a signaling molecule involved in several physiological and pathological processes. [ 1 ]
Human iron metabolism is the set of chemical reactions that maintain human homeostasis of iron at the systemic and cellular level. Iron is both necessary to the body and potentially toxic. Controlling iron levels in the body is a critically important part of many aspects of human health and disease.
Metals have become so central to cellular function that the collection of metal-binding proteins (referred to as the metallomes) accounts for over 30% of all proteins in the cell. Metals are known to be involved in over 40% of enzymatic reactions, and metal-binding proteins carry out at least one step in almost all biological pathways. [1]
SBHs can react with many kinds of transition metal cations and thereby forming a number of complexes. [143] [144] [145] Copper-SBH complexes were more cytotoxic than complexes of other transitional metals (Cu > Ni > Zn = Mn > Fe = Cr > Co) in MOLT-4 cells, an established human T-cell leukemia cell line. SBHs, especially their copper complexes ...
Nitric oxide (nitrogen oxide or nitrogen monoxide [1]) is a colorless gas with the formula NO. It is one of the principal oxides of nitrogen . Nitric oxide is a free radical : it has an unpaired electron , which is sometimes denoted by a dot in its chemical formula ( • N=O or • NO).
Irwin Fridovich and Joe McCord at Duke University discovered the enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase in 1968. [5] SODs were previously known as a group of metalloproteins with unknown function; for example, CuZnSOD was known as erythrocuprein (or hemocuprein, or cytocuprein) or as the veterinary anti-inflammatory drug "Orgotein". [6]
Hemoglobin in normal red blood cells is protected by a reduction system to keep this from happening. Nitric oxide is capable of converting a small fraction of hemoglobin to methemoglobin in red blood cells. The latter reaction is a remnant activity of the more ancient nitric oxide dioxygenase function of globins.
Iron is stored in many organisms in the form of ferritin, which is a ferrous oxide encased in a solubilizing protein sheath. [10] Species of bacteria, including Shewanella oneidensis, Geobacter sulfurreducens and Geobacter metallireducens, use iron oxides as terminal electron acceptors. [11]