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The root-3 rectangle is also called sixton, [6] and its short and longer sides are proportionally equivalent to the side and diameter of a hexagon. [7] Since 2 is the square root of 4, the root-4 rectangle has a proportion 1:2, which means that it is equivalent to two squares side-by-side. [7] The root-5 rectangle is related to the golden ratio ...
The same size conductor in aluminum has only 10% more resistance with 60 Hz AC than it does with DC. [14] Skin depth also varies as the inverse square root of the permeability of the conductor. In the case of iron, its conductivity is about 1/7 that of copper. However being ferromagnetic its permeability is about 10,000 times greater
A sphere of radius r has surface area 4πr 2.. The surface area (symbol A) of a solid object is a measure of the total area that the surface of the object occupies. [1] The mathematical definition of surface area in the presence of curved surfaces is considerably more involved than the definition of arc length of one-dimensional curves, or of the surface area for polyhedra (i.e., objects with ...
One defines the width of the surface in a given direction to be the perpendicular distance between the parallels perpendicular to that direction. Thus, a surface of constant width is the three-dimensional analogue of a curve of constant width, a two-dimensional shape with a constant distance between pairs of parallel tangent lines.
Shoelace scheme for determining the area of a polygon with point coordinates (,),..., (,). The shoelace formula, also known as Gauss's area formula and the surveyor's formula, [1] is a mathematical algorithm to determine the area of a simple polygon whose vertices are described by their Cartesian coordinates in the plane. [2]
Scratches, represented by triangular-shaped grooves, make the surface area greater. Specific surface area (SSA) is a property of solids defined as the total surface area (SA) of a material per unit mass, [1] (with units of m 2 /kg or m 2 /g). Alternatively, it may be defined as SA per solid or bulk volume [2] [3] (units of m 2 /m 3 or m −1).
Grout sealer is a water-based or solvent-based sealant applied over dried grout that resists water, oil, and acid-based contaminants. Grout cleaner is a basic cleaning solution that is applied on grout lines and removes the dirt and dust. [9] A die grinder is used for faster removal of old grout compared to a standard grout saw.
The geometrical definition of a projected area is: "the rectilinear parallel projection of a surface of any shape onto a plane". This translates into the equation: A projected = ∫ A cos β d A {\displaystyle A_{\text{projected}}=\int _{A}\cos {\beta }\,dA} where A is the original area, and β {\displaystyle \beta } is the angle between ...