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  2. Type B Cipher Machine - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_B_Cipher_Machine

    Analog of the Japanese Type B Cipher Machine (codenamed Purple) built by the U.S. Army Signal Intelligence Service Purple analog in use. In the history of cryptography, the "System 97 Typewriter for European Characters" (九七式欧文印字機 kyūnana-shiki ōbun injiki) or "Type B Cipher Machine", codenamed Purple by the United States, was an encryption machine used by the Japanese Foreign ...

  3. Leo Rosen - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Rosen

    Leo Rosen (26 March 1916 – 16 March 1991) was an American cryptanalyst who worked with Frank Rowlett at Signals Intelligence Service (S.I.S.) before the start of World War II on Japanese ciphers. Rowlett found a method to read the messages enciphered on the Japanese PURPLE machine.

  4. Genevieve Grotjan Feinstein - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genevieve_Grotjan_Feinstein

    For eighteen months, she worked with other SIS codebreakers to analyze the encryption system used in the Japanese Type B Cipher Machine, code named Purple by the SIS [3]: p. 8 She played a key role in cracking the cipher, [4] discovering cyclical behavior in the code on September 20, 1940.

  5. Japanese army and diplomatic codes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_army_and...

    The U.S. called this the "Purple" code, because they kept intercepted traffic in purple binders. Although the Japanese purchased the Enigma machine , they chose to base their cipher machine on a different technology, using a stepping switch rather than several rotors.

  6. Magic (cryptography) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_(cryptography)

    PURPLE was an enticing, but quite tactically limited, window into Japanese planning and policy because of the peculiar nature of Japanese policy making prior to the War (see above). Early on, a better tactical window was the Japanese Fleet Code (an encoded cypher), called JN-25 by U.S. Navy cryptanalysts.

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  8. Government conspiracy led to assassination of Malcolm X ...

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    Malcolm X was assassinated in 1965 when gunmen opened fire while he gave a speech in New York. A new lawsuit accuses the government of conspiracy.

  9. Frank Rowlett - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Rowlett

    In the mid-1930s, they solved the first Japanese machine for encipherment of diplomatic communications, known to the Americans as RED. In 1939–40, Rowlett led the SIS effort that solved a more sophisticated Japanese diplomatic machine cipher, codenamed PURPLE by the U.S. Once, when asked what his greatest contribution to that effort had been ...