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J transit is the Julian date for the local true solar transit (or solar noon). 2451545.0 is noon of the equivalent Julian year reference. 0.0053 sin M − 0.0069 sin ( 2 λ ) {\displaystyle 0.0053\sin M-0.0069\sin \left(2\lambda \right)} is a simplified version of the equation of time .
As at Feb 20, 2025, solar cycle 25 is averaging 37% more spots per day than solar cycle 24 at the same point in the cycle (Feb 20, 2014). Year 1 of SC25 (Dec 2019 to Nov 2020) averaged 101% more spots per day than year 1 of SC24. Year 2 of SC25 (Dec 2020 to Nov 2021) averaged 7% more spots per day than year 2 of SC24.
Erasmus Reinhold used Copernicus' theory to compute the Prutenic Tables in 1551, and gave a tropical year length of 365 solar days, 5 hours, 55 minutes, 58 seconds (365.24720 days), based on the length of a sidereal year and the presumed rate of precession. This was actually less accurate than the earlier value of the Alfonsine Tables.
The year in both calendars consists of 365 days, with a leap day being added to February in the leap years. The months and length of months in the Gregorian calendar are the same as for the Julian calendar. The only difference is that the Gregorian calendar omits a leap day in three centurial years every 400 years and leaves the leap day unchanged.
The solar terms used to mark the midpoint of the month (marked with "Z", for Chinese: 中氣; pinyin: zhōngqì) are considered the major terms, while the solar terms used to mark the start of the month (marked with "J", for Chinese: 節氣; pinyin: jiéqì) are deemed minor. The year starts with Lichun (J1) and ends with Dahan (Z12). [8]
The Islamic calendar is a purely lunar calendar and has a year, whose start drifts through the seasons and so is not a solar calendar. The Maya Tzolkin calendar, which follows a 260-day cycle, has no year, therefore it is not a solar calendar. Also, any calendar synchronized only to the synodic period of Venus would not be solar.
On a prograde planet like the Earth, the sidereal day is shorter than the solar day. At time 1, the Sun and a certain distant star are both overhead. At time 2, the planet has rotated 360° and the distant star is overhead again (1→2 = one sidereal day). But it is not until a little later, at time 3, that the Sun is overhead again (1→3 = one solar day). More simply, 1→2 is a complete ...
The Earth's axial tilt changes slowly over thousands of years but its current value of about ε = 23.44° is nearly constant, so the change in solar declination during one year is nearly the same as during the next year. At the solstices, the angle between the rays of the Sun and the plane of the Earth's equator reaches its maximum value of 23.44