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2. Trachtenberg system - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachtenberg_system

   Trachtenberg system. The Trachtenberg system is a system of rapid mental calculation. The system consists of a number of readily memorized operations that allow one to perform arithmetic computations very quickly. It was developed by the Ukrainian engineer Jakow Trachtenberg in order to keep his mind occupied while being in a Nazi concentration ...

3. Genaille–Lucas rulers - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genaille–Lucas_rulers

   Genaille–Lucas rulers (also known as Genaille's rods) are an arithmetic tool invented by Henri Genaille, a French railway engineer, in 1891. The device is a variant of Napier's bones. By representing the carry graphically, the user can read off the results of simple multiplication problems directly, with no intermediate mental calculations.

4. Napier's bones - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napier's_bones

   Location arithmetic. v. t. e. Napier's bones is a manually operated calculating device created by John Napier of Merchiston, Scotland for the calculation of products and quotients of numbers. The method was based on lattice multiplication, and also called rabdology, a word invented by Napier. Napier published his version in 1617. [1]

5. Multiplication - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplication

   e. Multiplication (often denoted by the cross symbol ×, by the mid-line dot operator ⋅, by juxtaposition, or, on computers, by an asterisk *) is one of the four elementary mathematical operations of arithmetic, with the other ones being addition, subtraction, and division. The result of a multiplication operation is called a product.

6. Elementary arithmetic - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_arithmetic

   From top-left going clockwise: addition, division, multiplication, and subtraction. Elementary arithmetic is a branch of mathematics involving addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Due to its low level of abstraction, broad range of application, and position as the foundation of all mathematics, elementary arithmetic is generally ...

7. Order of operations - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_operations

   Order of operations. In mathematics and computer programming, the order of operations is a collection of rules that reflect conventions about which operations to perform first in order to evaluate a given mathematical expression. These rules are formalized with a ranking of the operations. The rank of an operation is called its precedence, and ...