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  2. Exception that proves the rule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exception_that_proves_the_rule

    The exception proves the rule is a phrase that arises from ignorance, though common to good writers. The original word was preuves, which did not mean proves but tests. [4] In this sense, the phrase does not mean that an exception demonstrates a rule to be true or to exist, but that it tests the rule, thereby proving its value.

  3. Nix v. Williams - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nix_v._Williams

    Nix v. Williams, 467 U.S. 431 (1984), was a U.S. Supreme Court case that created an "inevitable discovery" exception to the exclusionary rule.The exclusionary rule makes most evidence gathered through violations of the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which protects against unreasonable search and seizure, inadmissible in criminal trials as "fruit of the poisonous tree".

  4. Accident (fallacy) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accident_(fallacy)

    Accident (fallacy) The fallacy of accident (also called destroying the exception or a dicto simpliciter ad dictum secundum quid) is an informal fallacy where a general rule is applied to an exceptional case. The fallacy of accident gets its name from the fact that one or more accidental features of the specific case make it an exception to the ...

  5. Common Rule - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_rule

    The Common Rule is a 1991 rule of ethics (revised in 2018) [2] regarding biomedical and behavioral research involving human subjects in the United States.The regulations governing Institutional Review Boards for oversight of human research followed the 1975 revision of the Declaration of Helsinki, and are encapsulated in the 1991 revision to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services ...

  6. List of fallacies - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies

    List of paradoxes. Outline of public relations – Overview of and topical guide to public relations. Map–territory relation – Relationship between an object and a representation of that object (confusing map with territory, menu with meal) Mathematical fallacy – Certain type of mistaken proof.

  7. Institutional review board - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutional_review_board

    For a worldwide perspective, see Ethics committee. An institutional review board (IRB), also known as an independent ethics committee (IEC), ethical review board (ERB), or research ethics board (REB), is a committee at an institution that applies research ethics by reviewing the methods proposed for research involving human subjects, to ensure ...

  8. Chargaff's rules - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chargaff's_rules

    Chargaff's rules (given by Erwin Chargaff) state that in the DNA of any species and any organism, the amount of guanine should be equal to the amount of cytosine and the amount of adenine should be equal to the amount of thymine. Further, a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio of purine and pyrimidine bases (i.e., A+G=T+C) should exist.

  9. Inevitable discovery - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inevitable_discovery

    Contents. Nix v. Williams. Inevitable discovery. Inevitable discovery is a doctrine in United States criminal procedure that permits admission of evidence that was obtained through illegal means if it would "inevitably" have been obtained regardless of the illegality. [ 1 ] It is one of several exceptions to the exclusionary rule, or the ...