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In AD 362, the emperor Julian wrote in his Hymn to King Helios that the Agon Solis was held in late December, between the end of the Saturnalia and the New Year. [54] Julian says it is dedicated to Helios and the "Invincible Sun". [55] Most scholars therefore date the festival to December 25 and associate it with the Natalis Solis Invicti. [56]
The birthday of an individual, or the anniversary of a founding of a temple; see Glossary of ancient Roman religion#dies natalis. Dies Natalis Solis Invicti, the "birthday" of the Roman solar deity Sol Invictus on December 25; the annual commemoration of a Christian martyr's death; see Calendar of saints; Dies Natalis, a cantata by Gerald Finzi
Since the 12th century, [26] there have been speculations that the near-solstice date of 25 December for Christmas was selected because it was the date of the festival of DIES NATALIS SOLIS INVICTI, but historians of late antiquity make no mention of this, and others speculate Aurelian chose December 25 to shadow early Christian celebrations ...
The first (and only) time that December 25th is attested as natalis invicti is in the calendar of Philocalus, which dates to AD 354. That the Romans marked the winter solstice (December 25th in the Julian calendar) long before this is clear, but there is no evidence that it was deemed a festival of the sun god.
A solar deity or sun deity is a deity who represents the Sun or an aspect thereof. Such deities are usually associated with power and strength. Solar deities and Sun worship can be found throughout most of recorded history in various forms.
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Festivals in ancient Rome were a very important part in Roman religious life during both the Republican and Imperial eras, and one of the primary feat of "holy days"; singular also feriae or dies ferialis) were either public (publicae) or private . State holidays were celebrated by the Roman people and received public funding.
The Roman "Bruma" is known only from a few passing remarks, none of which predates Imperial times. Mentions of the Brumalia are found after the IV c. Against the Church disapproval John Malalas and John the Lydian used rhetoric that claimed their introduction by Romulus himself.