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[12]: 2, 30 A class of educated individuals became known as the Ilustrados. This group included individuals who had studied at both local universities and Spanish ones, and came from a variety of socioeconomic backgrounds. They gained prominence in Philippine administration, and became increasingly involved in politics.
The types of sovereign state leaders in the Philippines have varied throughout the country's history, from heads of ancient chiefdoms, kingdoms and sultanates in the pre-colonial period, to the leaders of Spanish, American, and Japanese colonial governments, until the directly elected president of the modern sovereign state of the Philippines.
The history of the Philippines dates from the earliest hominin activity in the archipelago at least by 709,000 years ago. [1] Homo luzonensis, a species of archaic humans, was present on the island of Luzon [2] [3] at least by 134,000 years ago. [4] The earliest known anatomically modern human was from Tabon Caves in Palawan dating about 47,000 ...
The government of the Philippines (Filipino: Pamahalaan ng Pilipinas) has three interdependent branches: the legislative, executive, and judicial branches.The Philippines is governed as a unitary state under a presidential representative and democratic constitutional republic in which the president functions as both the head of state and the head of government of the country within a pluriform ...
The early polities were typically made up of three-tier social structure: a nobility class, a class of "freemen", and a class of dependent debtor-bondsmen: [6] [7] Datu (ruling class) and Maginoo (noble class, where the datu ascends from)
The act mandated U.S. recognition of independence of the Philippine Islands as a separate and self-governing nation after a ten-year transition period. [2] Prior to independence, the act allowed the U.S to maintain military forces in the Philippines and to call all military forces of the Philippine government into U.S. military service.
Various government and church positions were transferred to the roles of the Peninsulares who were characterized mostly in the 19th century Philippine history as corrupt bureaucrats. Jose Basco , the 44th governor-general of the Philippines under Spanish colonial rule
The Ilustrados "enlightened ones" constituted the Filipino educated class during the Spanish colonial period in the late 19th century. Mostly based outside the Philippines, they helped mold the flame of a united Filipino nationalism and identity in the islands. Almost all previous insurgencies were tribal, provincial and regional in nature.