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The theory of space exploration had a solid basis in the Russian Empire before the First World War with the writings of the Russian and Soviet rocket scientist Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (1857–1935), who published pioneering papers in the late 19th and early 20th centuries on astronautic theory, including calculating the Rocket equation and in 1929 introduced the concept of the multistaged rocket.
Luna 3, or E-2A No.1 (Russian: Луна 3), was a Soviet spacecraft launched in 1959 as part of the Luna programme.It was the first mission to photograph the far side of the Moon and the third Soviet space probe to be sent to the neighborhood of the Moon. [5]
A Soyuz spacecraft consists of three parts (from front to back): a spheroid orbital module; a small aerodynamic reentry module; a cylindrical service module with solar panels attached; There have been many variants of the Soyuz spacecraft, including: Sever early crewed spacecraft proposal to replace Vostok (1959)
The 3MV planetary probe (short for 3rd generation Mars-Venus) is a designation for a common design used by early Soviet unmanned probes to Mars and Venus. [1] It was an incremental improvement of earlier 2MV probes and was used for Zond 1, Zond 2 and Zond 3 missions to Mars as well as several Venera probes.
The satellite and rocket carrying Luna 1 was originally referred to as the Soviet Space Rocket by the Soviet Press. [1] Pravda writer Alexander Kazantsev called it Mechta (Russian: Мечта, meaning 'dream'). [7] [8] Citizens of Moscow unofficially deemed it Lunik, a combination of Luna (Moon) and Sputnik. [7] It was renamed to Luna 1 in 1963 ...
The 2MV planetary probe (short for 2nd generation Mars-Venus) is a designation for a common design used by early Soviet uncrewed probes to Mars and Venus. [ 1 ] It was an incremental improvement of earlier 1MV probes and was used for the Venera 5 and Venera 6 missions to Venus.
The 1MV planetary probe (short for 1st generation Mars-Venus) is a designation for a common design used by early Soviet uncrewed probes to Mars and Venus. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It was standard practice of the Soviet space program to use standardized components as much as possible.
Luna 16 was an uncrewed 1970 space mission, part of the Soviet Luna program.It was the first robotic probe to land on the Moon and return a sample of lunar soil to Earth. [4] [5] The 101 grams (3.56 ounces) sample was returned from Mare Fecunditatis.