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Thus multi-year ice will tend to have both lower salinity and lower density than first-year ice. [2] [7] Sea-ice density is relatively stable during winter with values close to 910 kg/m 3, [8] but may decrease up to 720 kg/m 3 during warming mainly due to increase in air volume.
The Wegener–Bergeron–Findeisen process (after Alfred Wegener, Tor Bergeron, and Walter Findeisen []), (or "cold-rain process") is a process of ice crystal growth that occurs in mixed phase clouds (containing a mixture of supercooled water and ice) in regions where the ambient vapor pressure falls between the saturation vapor pressure over water and the lower saturation vapor pressure over ice.
A brinicle (brine icicle, also known as an ice stalactite) is a downward-growing hollow tube of ice enclosing a plume of descending brine that is formed beneath developing sea ice. As seawater freezes in the polar ocean, salt brine concentrates are expelled from the sea ice, creating a downward flow of dense, extremely cold, saline water , with ...
Ice has a semi-liquid surface layer; When you mix salt onto that layer, it slowly lowers its melting point.. The more surface area salt can cover, the better the chances for melting ice.. Ice ...
The Arctic Ocean has historically ranged from roughly 14-16 million square kilometers in late winter to roughly 7 million km 2 each September. [6] The annual increase of ice plays a major role in the movement of ocean circulation and deep water formation. The density of the water below the newly-formed ice increases due to brine rejection.
Air volume fraction during ice growth period is typically around 1–2 %, but may substantially increase upon ice warming. [18] Air volume of sea ice in can be as high as 15 % in summer [19] and 4 % in autumn. [20] Both brine and air volumes influence sea-ice density values, which are typically around 840–910 kg/m 3 for first-year ice. Sea ...
The system's collapse, which researchers have concluded is in part caused by the melting of Arctic ice, could result in the dramatic cooling of parts of Europe and North America.
Salt fingering is a mixing process, example of double diffusive instability, that occurs when relatively warm, salty water overlies relatively colder, fresher water.It is driven by the fact that heated water diffuses more readily than salty water.