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Before modern sewers were invented, cesspools that collected human waste were the most widely used sanitation system. In ancient Mesopotamia , vertical shafts carried waste away into cesspools. Similar systems existed in the Indus Valley civilization in modern-day Pakistan and in Ancient Crete and Greece .
In July 1848, ten years before London began its similar endeavours following the Great Stink, James Newlands' sewer construction programme began, and over the next 11 years 86 miles (138 km) of new sewers were built. Between 1856 and 1862 another 58 miles (93 km) were added. This programme was completed in 1869.
1919 at the Treaty of Versailles, border between Romania and Czechoslovakia/Polish or Ukrainian East Galicia. 1991 Ukrainian independence. Suceava - Chernivtsi. 1940/1944 border between Romania and the Soviet Union. 1991 Ukrainian independence. Brăila - Izmail. 1878 Romanian annexation of Dobruja, border between Romania and Russia.
The sewer system plays a key part in H. L. Humes's 1958 novel, The Underground City. Humes, an American novelist, was a cofounder of the Paris Review. The sewer features in a section of Max Brook's World War Z. Many people fled to the sewers to escape the dead, but were followed, leaving one of the most dangerous campaigns of the "war".
Map of Seattle sewer districts, 1894. The main part of such a system is made up of large pipes (i.e. the sewers, or "sanitary sewers") that convey the sewage from the point of production to the point of treatment or discharge. Sewers under construction in Ystad, Sweden. Types of sanitary sewer systems that all usually are gravity sewers include:
Such problems were not limited to Manchester, and two pieces of legislation were introduced nationally to address the issues. The first was the Public Health Act 1875 (38 & 39 Vict. c. 55), and the second was the Rivers Pollution Prevention Act 1876 (39 & 40 Vict. c. 75). In the following year, the River Medlock Improvement Committee became the ...
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From 1842 to 1852 sections of the sewer were drained. Pietro Narducci, an Italian engineer was hired by the city of Rome to survey and restore the parts of the sewer by the Forum and the Torre dei Conti in 1862. In 1890 Otto Ludwig Richter, a German archaeologist created a map of the sewers. [25]