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Corpus linguistics is an empirical method for the study of language by way of a text corpus (plural corpora). [1] Corpora are balanced, often stratified collections of authentic, "real world", text of speech or writing that aim to represent a given linguistic variety. [1] Today, corpora are generally machine-readable data collections.
Text corpora (singular: text corpus) are large and structured sets of texts, which have been systematically collected.Text corpora are used by corpus linguists and within other branches of linguistics for statistical analysis, hypothesis testing, finding patterns of language use, investigating language change and variation, and teaching language proficiency.
In order to make the corpora more useful for doing linguistic research, they are often subjected to a process known as annotation. An example of annotating a corpus is part-of-speech tagging, or POS-tagging, in which information about each word's part of speech (verb, noun, adjective, etc.) is added to the corpus in the form of tags.
Corpus-assisted discourse studies (abbr.: CADS) is related historically and methodologically to the discipline of corpus linguistics.The principal endeavor of corpus-assisted discourse studies is the investigation, and comparison of features of particular discourse types, integrating into the analysis the techniques and tools developed within corpus linguistics.
Corpus languages are studied using the methods of corpus linguistics, but corpus linguistics can also be used (and is commonly used) for the study of the writings and other records of living languages. Not all extinct languages are corpus languages, since there are many extinct languages in which few or no writings or other records survive.
The Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) is composed of one billion words as of November 2021. [1] [2] [4] The corpus is constantly growing: In 2009 it contained more than 385 million words; [5] in 2010 the corpus grew in size to 400 million words; [6] by March 2019, [7] the corpus had grown to 560 million words.
In corpus linguistics, part-of-speech tagging (POS tagging or PoS tagging or POST), also called grammatical tagging is the process of marking up a word in a text (corpus) as corresponding to a particular part of speech, [1] based on both its definition and its context.
The American National Corpus (ANC) is a text corpus of American English containing 22 million words of written and spoken data produced since 1990. Currently, the ANC includes a range of genres, including emerging genres such as email, tweets, and web data that are not included in earlier corpora such as the British National Corpus .