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  2. Spin (physics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(physics)

    Spin (physics) Spin is an intrinsic form of angular momentum carried by elementary particles, and thus by composite particles such as hadrons, atomic nuclei, and atoms. [1][2]: 183 –184 Spin is quantized, and accurate models for the interaction with spin require relativistic quantum mechanics or quantum field theory.

  3. Elementary particle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_particle

    Elementary particle. In particle physics, an elementary particle or fundamental particle is a subatomic particle that is not composed of other particles. [1] The Standard Model presently recognizes seventeen distinct particles—twelve fermions and five bosons.

  4. Spin-1/2 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin-1/2

    t. e. In quantum mechanics, spin is an intrinsic property of all elementary particles. All known fermions, the particles that constitute ordinary matter, have a spin of ⁠ 1 2 ⁠. [1][2][3] The spin number describes how many symmetrical facets a particle has in one full rotation; a spin of ⁠ 1 2 ⁠ means that the particle must be rotated ...

  5. Subatomic particle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subatomic_particle

    Subatomic particle. A composite particle proton is made of two up quarks and one down quark, which are elementary particles. In physics, a subatomic particle is a particle smaller than an atom. [1] According to the Standard Model of particle physics, a subatomic particle can be either a composite particle, which is composed of other particles ...

  6. Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_formulation...

    The sum over r covers other degrees of freedom specific for the field, such as polarization or spin; it usually comes out as a sum from 1 to 2 or from 1 to 3. E p is the relativistic energy for a momentum p quantum of the field, = m 2 c 4 + c 2 p 2 {\textstyle ={\sqrt {m^{2}c^{4}+c^{2}\mathbf {p} ^{2}}}} when the rest mass is m .

  7. List of particles - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_particles

    The graviton must be a spin-2 boson because the source of gravitation is the stress–energy tensor, a second-order tensor (compared with electromagnetism's spin-1 photon, the source of which is the four-current, a first-order tensor). Additionally, it can be shown that any massless spin-2 field would give rise to a force indistinguishable from ...

  8. Graviton - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graviton

    Graviton. In theories of quantum gravity, the graviton is the hypothetical quantum of gravity, an elementary particle that mediates the force of gravitational interaction. There is no complete quantum field theory of gravitons due to an outstanding mathematical problem with renormalization in general relativity.

  9. Pauli equation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauli_equation

    Pauli's equation is derived by requiring minimal coupling, which provides a g -factor g =2. Most elementary particles have anomalous g -factors, different from 2. In the domain of relativistic quantum field theory, one defines a non-minimal coupling, sometimes called Pauli coupling, in order to add an anomalous factor.

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