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In physics, mass–energy equivalence is the relationship between mass and energy in a system's rest frame, where the two quantities differ only by a multiplicative constant and the units of measurement. [1] [2] The principle is described by the physicist Albert Einstein's formula: =. [3]
If the energy–momentum tensor T μν is that of an electromagnetic field in free space, i.e. if the electromagnetic stress–energy tensor = (+) is used, then the Einstein field equations are called the Einstein–Maxwell equations (with cosmological constant Λ, taken to be zero in conventional relativity theory): + = (+).
The sources of any gravitational field (matter and energy) is represented in relativity by a type (0, 2) symmetric tensor called the energy–momentum tensor. It is closely related to the Ricci tensor. Being a second rank tensor in four dimensions, the energy–momentum tensor may be viewed as a 4 by 4 matrix.
where is the Einstein tensor, is the cosmological constant (sometimes taken to be zero for simplicity), is the metric tensor, is a constant, and is the stress–energy tensor. The Einstein field equations relate the Einstein tensor to the stress–energy tensor, which represents the distribution of energy, momentum and stress in the spacetime ...
Albert Einstein and Hendrik Lorentz in 1921 in Leiden. This timeline describes the major developments, both experimental and theoretical, of: Einstein’s special theory of relativity (SR), its predecessors like the theories of luminiferous aether, its early competitors, i.e.: Ritz’s ballistic theory of light,
The cosmological constant was originally introduced in Einstein's 1917 paper entitled “The cosmological considerations in the General Theory of Reality”. [2] Einstein included the cosmological constant as a term in his field equations for general relativity because he was dissatisfied that otherwise his equations did not allow for a static universe: gravity would cause a universe that was ...
The Einstein-de Haas experiment is the only experiment concived, realized and published by Albert Einstein himself. A complete original version of the Einstein-de Haas experimental equipment was donated by Geertruida de Haas-Lorentz , wife of de Haas and daughter of Lorentz, to the Ampère Museum in Lyon France in 1961 where it is currently on ...
Building on Einstein's proposal that the photoelectric effect can be described using quantized energy transfers and by Einstein's separate proposal, from special relativity, that mass at rest is equivalent to energy via =, de Broglie proposed that matter in motion appears to have an associated wave with wavelength = / where is the matter ...