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Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is a particular disease within the NMOSD spectrum. It is characterised by optic neuritis and longitudinally extensive myelitis. In more than 80% of NMO cases, the cause is immunoglobulin G autoantibodies to aquaporin 4 , the most abundant water channel protein in the central nervous system. [5] [1] [4]
Standard multiple sclerosis, the most known and extended variant. Devic's disease and neuromyelitis optica (NMO) (sometimes previously called optic-spinal MS) Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis or ADEM, a closely related disorder in which a known virus or vaccine triggers autoimmunity against myelin.
Some cases of aquaporin-4-seronegative neuromyelitis optica: NMO derived from an antiMOG associated encephalomyelitis, [22] Some cases of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, specially the recurrent ones (MDEM) [25] Some cases of McDonalds-positive multiple sclerosis [24] [26] [23] [27] isolated optic neuritis or transverse myelitis [24]
Encephalomyelitis disseminata, a synonym for multiple sclerosis. AntiMOG associated encephalomyelitis, one of the underlying conditions for the phenotype neuromyelitis optica [3] [4] and in general all the spectrum of MOG autoantibody-associated demyelinating diseases. [5]
Unusual types of MS have been described; these include Devic's disease, Balo concentric sclerosis, Schilder's diffuse sclerosis, and Marburg multiple sclerosis. There is debate on whether they are MS variants or different diseases. [31] Multiple sclerosis behaves differently in children, taking more time to reach the progressive stage. [5]
Multiple sclerosis and Neuromyelitis optica are autoimmune diseases which both frequently present with optic neuritis, an inflammatory demyelinating neuropathy of the optic nerve. [3] Multiple sclerosis is a disease of unknown etiology which is characterized by neurological lesions "disseminated in time and space". [24]
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