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The bronchioles are histologically distinct from the bronchi in that their walls do not have hyaline cartilage and they have club cells in their epithelial lining. The epithelium of the bronchioles starts as a simple ciliated columnar epithelium and changes to simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium as the bronchioles decreases in size.
Instead of hard cartilage, the bronchi and bronchioles are composed of elastic tissue. The lungs are made up of thirteen different kinds of cells, eleven types of epithelial cell and two types of mesenchymal cell. [13] The epithelial cells form the lining of the tracheal, and bronchial tubes, while the mesenchymal cells line the lungs.
The respiratory bronchioles represent the transition from the conducting portion to the respiratory portion of the respiratory system. The narrow channels are usually less than 2 mm in diameter and they are lined by a simple cuboidal epithelium, consisting of ciliated cells and non-ciliated club cells, which are unique to bronchioles.
The cells in the respiratory epithelium are of five main types: a) ciliated cells, b) goblet cells, c) brush cells, d) airway basal cells, and e) small granule cells (NDES) [6] Goblet cells become increasingly fewer further down the respiratory tree until they are absent in the terminal bronchioles; club cells take over their role to some extent here. [7]
The chemical equation of photosynthesis is 6 CO 2 (carbon dioxide) and 6 H 2 O (water), which in the presence of sunlight makes C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose) and 6 O 2 (oxygen). Photosynthesis uses electrons on the carbon atoms as the repository for the energy obtained from sunlight. [72] Respiration is the opposite of photosynthesis.
The main or primary bronchi enter the lungs at the hilum and initially branch into secondary bronchi also known as lobar bronchi that supply air to each lobe of the lung. The lobar bronchi branch into tertiary bronchi also known as segmental bronchi and these supply air to the further divisions of the lobes known as bronchopulmonary segments .
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Their percentage in the trachea is 34%, in the large bronchi 27%, and 10% in the larger of the bronchioles. [1] Basal cells can express a number of different receptors, notably EGFR. [1] Basal cell derived precursors are found as intermediate cells (also known as parabasal, or indetermined cells) between the basal cells and the differentiated ...