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The Jacobian at a point gives the best linear approximation of the distorted parallelogram near that point (right, in translucent white), and the Jacobian determinant gives the ratio of the area of the approximating parallelogram to that of the original square. If m = n, then f is a function from R n to itself and the Jacobian matrix is a ...
If all eigenvalues of J are real or complex numbers with absolute value strictly less than 1 then a is a stable fixed point; if at least one of them has absolute value strictly greater than 1 then a is unstable. Just as for n =1, the case of the largest absolute value being 1 needs to be investigated further — the Jacobian matrix test is ...
For functions of more than one variable, the theorem states that if is a continuously differentiable function from an open subset of into , and the derivative ′ is invertible at a point a (that is, the determinant of the Jacobian matrix of f at a is non-zero), then there exist neighborhoods of in and of = such that () and : is bijective. [1]
Thus the differential is a linear transformation, between tangent spaces, associated to the smooth map at each point. Therefore, in some chosen local coordinates, it is represented by the Jacobian matrix of the corresponding smooth map from to . In general, the differential need not be invertible.
A word of warning: some authors use the term critical point to describe a point where the rank of the Jacobian matrix of f at p is not maximal. [2] Indeed, this is the more useful notion in singularity theory. If the dimension of M is greater than or equal to the dimension of N then these two notions of
Let : be a C 1 vector field with a critical point p, i.e., F(p) = 0, and let J denote the Jacobian matrix of F at p.If the matrix J has no eigenvalues with zero real parts then p is called hyperbolic.
Some authors [7] give a slightly different definition: a critical point of f is a point of where the rank of the Jacobian matrix of f is less than n. With this convention, all points are critical when m < n. These definitions extend to differential maps between differentiable manifolds in the following way.
That is to say, by evaluating the Jacobian matrix at each of the equilibrium points of the system, and then finding the resulting eigenvalues, the equilibria can be categorized. Then the behavior of the system in the neighborhood of each equilibrium point can be qualitatively determined, (or even quantitatively determined, in some instances ...